scholarly journals Autoimmune Endocrine Dysfunctions Associated with Cancer Immunotherapies

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Martina Ferrari ◽  
Poupak Fallahi ◽  
Giusy Elia ◽  
Francesca Ragusa ◽  
Ilaria Ruffilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Thyroid Storm ◽  
Insulin Dependent ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapies ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunctions

Immune checkpoint inhibitors block the checkpoint molecules. Different types of cancer immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved recently: CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies (as ipilimumab); anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies (as pembrolizumab and nivolumab); and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (as atezolizumab, avelumab, and durmalumab). We collect recent published results about autoimmune endocrine dysfunctions associated with cancer antibody immunotherapies. These agents cause a raised immune response leading to immune-related adverse events (irAEs), varying from mild to fatal, based on the organ system and severity. Immune-related endocrine toxicities are usually irreversible in 50% of cases, and include hypophysitis, thyroid dysfunctions, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and adrenal insufficiency. Anti-PD-1-antibodies are more frequently associated with thyroid dysfunctions (including painless thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, thyrotoxicosis, or thyroid storm), while the most frequent irAE related to anti-CTLA-4-antibodies is hypophysitis. The combination of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies is associated with a 30% chance of irAEs. Symptoms and clinical signs vary depending on the target organ. IrAEs are usually managed by an oncological therapist, but in more challenging circumstances (i.e., for new onset insulin–dependent diabetes, hypoadrenalism, gonadal hormones dysfunctions, or durable hypophysitis) an endocrinologist is needed.

scholarly journals SAT-676 Pembrolizumab Induced Worsening Glycemic Control and DKA in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarita Goud ◽  
Yu Yu Thar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Insulin Dependent

Abstract INTRODUCTION Pembrolizumab(Keytruda) is a humanized IgG4 anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) antibody serving as an immune-checkpoint inhibitor, now approved by FDA to treat several types of cancer. Although there are few reported cases of pembrolizumab induced new onset DKA in a non diabetic patients due to its autoimmune nature, its association in worsening glycemic control and DKA in pre-existing type 2 Diabetes mellitus is not well established. CASE 79 years old female with past medical hx of DM type 2 (Hba1c 7.4 was started on metformin), COPD(on chronic steroids and trilogy machine at home), recently diagnosed with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the left lung, metastasis to liver, PDL 1 positive at 99%, started on palliative chemotherapy with Keytruda, 2 weeks after the third cycle of keytruda presented to the ED for AMS. Patient noted to be very dehydrated, somnolescent and tachypnea. Labs consistent with sugars > 600, potassium 6.8, Bicarb 5, Anion gap 33, beta hydroxybutyrate 11.5 (on 7/15/19 0.6), HbA1c 9.7,(On 12/15/16 7.3, 9/25/18 6.7, 1/22/19 7.4). PH 7.31, lactate 2.4. WBC count 21.5- no infectious source identified (CXR, CT brain, UA clean). Patient was admitted for DKA and treated with IV insulin and IV fluids. After medically stable patient was discharged with Insulin regimen. Within 5 days after being discharged, patient presented to ED again with DKA with PH 7.27, Bicarb 8, anion gap 22, sugars>600, beta hydroxybuterate 13.70. Patient was Rx for DKA- after a week of hospitalization was discharged to Hospice(due to metastatic cancer) and few weeks later expired.To summarize, pt with well controlled type 2 DM on metformin presented with frequent DKA 2 weeks after treatment with third cycle of keytruda leading to worsening glycemic control in-turn making patient Insulin dependent. CONCLUSION Incidence of Type 1 DM with pembrolizumab treatment is being increasingly recognized and reported, and DKA is a common initial presentation. However we need further studies to establish the mechanism of worsening glycemic control leading to Insulin dependent and DKA in patients with pre-existing type 2 diabetes. Also, physicians should counsel patients about this potential immune related adverse effect and educate them about the symptoms of hyperglycemia and DKA. REFERENCES Immune checkpoint inhibitors and type 1 diabetes mellitus: a case report and systematic review Jeroen M K de Filette1, Joeri J Pen2, Lore Decoster3, Thomas Vissers4, Bert Bravenboer1, Bart J Van der Auwera5, Frans K Gorus5, Bart O Roep6,7, Sandrine Aspeslagh3, Bart Neyns3, Brigitte Velkeniers1 and Aan V Kharagjitsingh1,2,5,8 Immune checkpoint inhibitors: an emerging cause of insulin-dependent diabetes. Anupam Kotwal1, Candace Haddox2, Matthew Block3, Yogish C Kudva1. BMJ open Diabetes and research, Vol 7, issue1.

scholarly journals Immuno-related endocrinopathy in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
D. I. Yudin ◽  
K. K. Laktionov ◽  
K. A. Sarantseva ◽  
O. I. Borisova ◽  
V. V. Breder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Serious Adverse Events ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Discontinuation Of Treatment ◽  
The Russian Federation

Recently immune checkpoint inhibitors amazingly changed the landscape of cancer therapy worldwide. The number of immune checkpoint molecules in clinical practice is constantly increasing. There are some monoclonal antibodies recently registered in the Russian Federation: anti-PD1 antibodies (nivolumab, pembrolizumab), anti-PD-L1 (atezolizumab, durvalumab), anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab). Immune-mediated endocrinopathies are some of the most common complications of immunotherapy. According to the results of clinical studies, the incidence of serious endocrine immuno-mediated adverse events with anti-PD1 monoclonal antibodies is low (3.5–8%). The use of anti-CTLA4 antibodies, combined regimens, and the use of immunotherapy after chemoradiotherapy significantly increase the incidence of serious adverse events to 30%. In clinical practice of N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center among 245 non-small cell lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with immunotherapy, 22 (8,9%) developed an immune-mediated endocrinopathy. Most patients developed adverse events of 1–2 degrees, in two patients – 3 degrees, requiring discontinuation of treatment. The aim of this article was to provide useful information and recommendations regarding the management of common immuno-related endocrine adverse events (including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, pituitary, adrenal insufficiency) for clinical oncologists.

Evaluation of tolerability and reactions of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e14605-e14605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozlem Nuray Sever ◽  
Ozlem Sonmez ◽  
Osman Gokhan Demir
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Interruption ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Treatment Change ◽  
Function Test ◽  
Cessation Of Treatment

e14605 Background: Immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of cancer, especially in recent years. Today, there are anti-CTLA-4 antibodies and PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies which are active in use as checkpoint inhibitors. Side effects of these agents have a different spectrum in the form of immuno-related side effects. Methods: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the side effect and tolerability in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in our clinic. Results: 32 patients who were treated with PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies between August 2015 and January 2017 were screened retrospectively in our clinic. Six of the cases had immuno-related side effects (18.75%). 2 patients had a elevated liver function test. Both patients were diagnosed with NSCLC. In both of them, elevation was detected in the second course of nivolumab treatment, and the USG and hepatitis markers of the patients were normal. Enzymes returned to normal after treatment interruption. In a patient diagnosed with malignant melanoma that receiving pembrolizumab colitis was developed after 3th cycles of the therapy. The treatment of the patient who recovered after steroid administration and treatment interruption continued until the 8th cure. In the third cure of the patient with NSCLC, when nivolumab was used pneumonitis was diagnosed. Steroid treatment was applied for 2 weeks. Our patient continued to use nivolumab for up to 22 cycles. In our patient with malign melanoma that treated with pembrolizumab autoimmune thyroiditis developed. We started prednisolone treatment. After recovery our patient's treatment continued. In one of our patient who was diagnosed with malign melanoma, after the second cure of the treatment, diffuse edema and shortness of breath due to heart failure was detected. Echocardiography revealed a low ejection fraction. Methylprednisolone was started by cessation of treatment. Control ejection fractions normalized. Conclusions: İmmuno-related side effects were regarded as manageable side effects and no treatment change was needed. Immune Checkpoint inhibitors, which have been shown to be useful for survival every day, are proceeding to take a favorable position in the treatment of cancer with ease of use and lack of side effects.

Patterns of thyroid dysfunctions during treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in 59 solid cancer patients.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e18567-e18567
Author(s):  
Yong Jiang ◽  
Li Yang ◽  
Yin Han ◽  
Yongshen Zhang ◽  
Feng-Ming Kong
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunctions

e18567 Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have now become the mainstay treatment in patients with many kinds of cancers. Thyroid dysfunction as the most common endocrine toxicity is poorly understood. This study aimed to report hypothyroidism and exam its changing dynamtic in our first series of patients treated with ICI. Methods: This is a retrospective study. Patients received nivolumab or pembrolizumab between July 2018 and December 2019 were considered. Patient must have euthyroidism within the 3 months before immunotherapy and those had previous use of levothyroxine were excluded. They were monitored by thyroid function tests every cycle until stopping ICI. Patients must have received at least 3 cycles of antibody treatment. Results: Among 89 patients treated, 59 met the inclusion criteria. There were 33 males, 26 females, including 26 (44.1%) nivolumab, and 33 (55.9%) pembrolizumab. Median age was 62 years [range: 27-88]). Cancer diagnoses observed were non small cell lung cancer 17(28.8%), small cell lung cancer 4 (6.8%),liver cancer 9 (15.3%), head and neck cancer 5 (8.5%), esophageal cancer4 (6.8%) colon cancer 3 (5.1%), nasopharygeal carcinoma 3 (5.1%) melanoma 3 (5.1%) and other cancers 11(18.6%). There were 9 patients (15.3%) developed a thyroid dysfunction, including 5 females. Four patients had thyrotoxicosis (median onset: 8 weeks) followed by hypothyroidism. There were three types of thyroid dysfunctions: the first type patients 3 (33.3%) had a brief time period of TSH flair (peak 17.4-57.8) after the first cycle of ICI, followed by TSH dramatic drop companied with rising fT4, which usually returned to normal level during 3-4 cycles of . The other 4 patients (44.4%) with thyroid dysfunction presented with remarkably elevated TSH (15.43-125.2) after 3.5-10 months’ treatment, followed by hypothyroidism development with a need of levothyroxine. The remaining 1 patient had a third type of thyroid dysfunction with elevated TSH, elavated more while the treatment continue, the patient should be given levothyroxine as soon as possible. Additionally, 1 patient developed hypopituitarism presented with both low level of TSH and fT4 after 10 month treatment. There was no significant difference in patient characteristics between patients with hypothyroidism and those without. Conclusions: There are heterogeneity in thyroid function and hypothyroidism after ICI. Before more experience is gained, frequent monitoring of thyroid function during ICI is warranted for prompt management of the hypothyroidism.

Diabetic ketoacidosis as a hallmark of autoimmune diabetes occurring after two cycles of cemiplimab

2021 ◽  
pp. 107815522110605
Author(s):  
Nasrin Saleh Jouneghani ◽  
John Phillip ◽  
Constantin A Dasanu
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Insulin Dependent Diabetes ◽  
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Dependent

Introduction Clinical indications of immune checkpoint inhibitors have expanded to a variety of malignancies. Nearly 50% of patients with advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, respond to the programmed-death 1 inhibitor cemiplimab. To date, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus has been documented with the use of several immune checkpoint inhibitors but not cemiplimab. Case report We report herein the first case of a patient with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma who developed diabetic ketoacidosis and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus following only two cycles of cemiplimab. A score of 6 on the Naranjo nomogram makes the causality relationship between cemiplimab use and the insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus probable. Management and outcome The patient's developed diabetic ketoacidosis was managed with intravenous fluids and intravenous insulin, with a prompt resolution. Cemiplimab was discontinued, and the patient was discharged on long-acting and short-acting insulin therapy, with a follow-up with endocrinology. Discussion/conclusions The mechanism by which cemiplimab caused insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is most likely due to lack of endogenous insulin production in the setting of immune-mediated loss of pancreatic beta-cells. Patients may benefit from fasting blood glucose monitoring and early immune checkpoint inhibitor discontinuation where elevated serum glucose is detected.

scholarly journals Current Immunotherapeutic Approaches in T Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas

Cancers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Poggio ◽  
Justus Duyster ◽  
Anna Illert
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cell Physiology ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Car T

T cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (T-NHL) is a rare and heterogeneous group of neoplasms of the lymphoid system. With the exception of a few relatively indolent entities, T-NHL is typically aggressive, treatment resistant, and associated with poor prognosis. Relatively few options with proven clinical benefit are available for patients with relapsed or refractory disease. Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment for the management of patients with hematological malignancies. The identification of tumor antigens has provided a large number of potential targets. Therefore, several monoclonal antibodies (alemtuzumab, SGN-30, brentuximab vedotin, and mogamulizumab), directed against tumor antigens, have been investigated in different subtypes of T-NHL. In addition to targeting antigens involved in cancer cell physiology, antibodies can stimulate immune effector functions or counteract immunosuppressive mechanisms. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells directed against CD30 and immune checkpoint inhibitors are currently being investigated in clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the currently available clinical evidence for immunotherapy in T-NHL, focusing on the results of clinical trials using first generation monoclonal antibodies, new immunotherapeutic agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and CAR-T cell therapies.

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