scholarly journals Proteomic Landscape Has Revealed Small Rubber Particles Are Crucial Rubber Biosynthetic Machines for Ethylene-Stimulation in Natural Rubber Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Wang ◽  
Quanliang Xie ◽  
Yong Sun ◽  
Zheng Tong ◽  
Lili Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rubber Particle ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Absolute Quantification ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Rubber Biosynthesis ◽  
Rubber Particles ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Latex Production

Rubber particles are a specific organelle for natural rubber biosynthesis (NRB) and storage. Ethylene can significantly improve rubber latex production by increasing the generation of small rubber particles (SRPs), regulating protein accumulation, and activating many enzyme activities. We conducted a quantitative proteomics study of different SRPs upon ethylene stimulation by differential in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) methods. In DIGE, 79 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were determined as ethylene responsive proteins. Our results show that the abundance of many NRB-related proteins has been sharply induced upon ethylene stimulation. Among them, 23 proteins were identified as rubber elongation factor (REF) and small rubber particle protein (SRPP) family members, including 16 REF and 7 SRPP isoforms. Then, 138 unique phosphorylated peptides, containing 129 phosphorylated amino acids from the 64 REF/SRPP family members, were identified, and most serine and threonine were phosphorylated. Furthermore, we identified 226 DAPs from more than 2000 SRP proteins by iTRAQ. Integrative analysis revealed that almost all NRB-related proteins can be detected in SRPs, and many proteins are positively responsive to ethylene stimulation. These results indicate that ethylene may stimulate latex production by regulating the accumulation of some key proteins. The phosphorylation modification of REF and SRPP isoforms might be crucial for NRB, and SRP may act as a complex natural rubber biosynthetic machine.

scholarly journals Proteomic Landscape of the Mature Roots in a Rubber-Producing Grass Taraxacum Kok-saghyz

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quanliang Xie ◽  
Guohua Ding ◽  
Liping Zhu ◽  
Li Yu ◽  
Boxuan Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rubber Particle ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Cascade Process ◽  
Two Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Rubber Biosynthesis ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Related Proteins

The rubber grass Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) contains large amounts of natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) in its enlarged roots and it is an alternative crop source of natural rubber. Natural rubber biosynthesis (NRB) and storage in the mature roots of TKS is a cascade process involving many genes, proteins and their cofactors. The TKS genome has just been annotated and many NRB-related genes have been determined. However, there is limited knowledge about the protein regulation mechanism for NRB in TKS roots. We identified 371 protein species from the mature roots of TKS by combining two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS). Meanwhile, a large-scale shotgun analysis of proteins in TKS roots at the enlargement stage was performed, and 3545 individual proteins were determined. Subsequently, all identified proteins from 2-DE gel and shotgun MS in TKS roots were subject to gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses and most proteins were involved in carbon metabolic process with catalytic activity in membrane-bounded organelles, followed by proteins with binding ability, transportation and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis activities. Fifty-eight NRB-related proteins, including eight small rubber particle protein (SRPP) and two rubber elongation factor(REF) members, were identified from the TKS roots, and these proteins were involved in both mevalonate acid (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. To our best knowledge, it is the first high-resolution draft proteome map of the mature TKS roots. Our proteomics of TKS roots revealed both MVA and MEP pathways are important for NRB, and SRPP might be more important than REF for NRB in TKS roots. These findings would not only deepen our understanding of the TKS root proteome, but also provide new evidence on the roles of these NRB-related proteins in the mature TKS roots.

scholarly journals Lipid Composition of Latex and Rubber Particles in Hevea brasiliensis and Taraxacum kok-saghyz

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 5110
Author(s):  
Sung Woo Bae ◽  
Sunghee Jung ◽  
Sang Chul Choi ◽  
Mi Young Kim ◽  
Stephen Beungtae Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Hevea Brasiliensis ◽  
Particle Production ◽  
Rubber Particle ◽  
Rubber Tree ◽  
Rubber Particles ◽  
The Future

Natural rubber is usually synthesized in the rubber particles present in the latex of rubber-producing plants such as the Pará rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) and rubber dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz). Since the detailed lipid compositions of fresh latex and rubber particles of the plants are poorly known, the present study reports detailed compound lipid composition, focusing on phospholipids and galactolipids in the latex and rubber particles of the plants. In the fresh latex and rubber particles of both plants, phospholipids were much more dominant (85–99%) compared to galactolipids. Among the nine classes of phospholipids, phosphatidylcholines (PCs) were most abundant, at ~80%, in both plants. Among PCs, PC (36:4) and PC (34:2) were most abundant in the rubber tree and rubber dandelion, respectively. Two classes of galactolipids, monogalactosyl diacylglycerol and digalactosyl diacylglycerol, were detected as 12% and 1%, respectively, of total compound lipids in rubber tree, whereas their percentages in the rubber dandelion were negligible (< 1%). Overall, the compound lipid composition differed only slightly between the fresh latex and the rubber particles of both rubber plants. These results provide fundamental data on the lipid composition of rubber particles in two rubber-producing plants, which can serve as a basis for artificial rubber particle production in the future.

Identification of aTaraxacum brevicorniculatumrubber elongation factor protein that is localized on rubber particles and promotes rubber biosynthesis

2015 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Laibach ◽  
Andrea Hillebrand ◽  
Richard M. Twyman ◽  
Dirk Prüfer ◽  
Christian Schulze Gronover
Keyword(s):  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Rubber Biosynthesis ◽  
Rubber Particles

Effect of Particle Sizes on Film Formation Behavior of Hevea brasiliensis Natural Rubber Latex

2015 ◽  
Vol 659 ◽  
pp. 383-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nut Churinthorn ◽  
Adun Nimpaiboon ◽  
Jitladda Sakdapipanich ◽  
Chee Cheong Ho
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Rubber Particle ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Rubber Particles ◽  
Individual Particles

Natural Rubber (NR) latex obtained from Hevea brasiliensis contains a wide particle size distribution. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of small rubber particles (SRP) and large rubber particles (LRP) on the characteristics of film formation. The rubber particle with different mean diameters can be separated by centrifugation at various speeds to prepare SRP and LRP latex. The average size of SRP and LRP were characterized by light scattering technique to show that the size of SRP was in the range of 0.20 μm, while that of LRP was larger with the wide distribution. SRP and LRP latex were dried at room temperature to study the film formation behaviors. The results showed that the film compaction time increased with increasing the particle size of NR. Furthermore, the rubber film were aged at room temperature for 3 weeks in order to observe the surface morphology using atomic forced microscopy (AFM) by tapping mode. The AFM images showed that SRP readily formed a coalescence film, while LRP showed individual particles on the surface of film at 24 h of storage time. The surface of both SRP and LRP films was smoother after storage. However, LRP film still showed individual particles on the surface after 3 weeks of storage time.

The effect of natural rubber particle inclusions on the mechanical and damping properties of epoxy-filled glass fibre composites

2010 ◽  
Vol 224 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Ravi Sankar ◽  
P Vamsi Krishna ◽  
V Bhujanga Rao ◽  
P Bangaru Babu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Glass Fibre ◽  
Damping Ratio ◽  
Rubber Particle ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Impact Resistance ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Damping Properties ◽  
Fibre Composites ◽  
Rubber Particles

Vibration damping is proving important for improved vibration and noise control, dynamic stability, fatigue, and impact resistance in advanced engineering systems. In the present work, the effect of natural rubber particle inclusions on the mechanical and damping properties of epoxy-filled glass fibre composites is investigated. Test specimens are fabricated with inclusion of natural rubber particles of different sizes and tested for tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus. These mechanical properties are influenced by the size of the rubber particle inclusions. Vibration tests are carried out and damping ratio is calculated. It is observed that damping ratio varies with inclusion of natural rubber particles and that 0.25mm particle inclusions improve damping better than other selected particle sizes without greatly affecting the stiffness in the case of cantilever beams and fixed free plates.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Sequence of Rubber Elongation Factor Protein Associated with Rubber Particles in Hevea Latex

1989 ◽  
Vol 264 (31) ◽  
pp. 18618-18626 ◽  
Author(s):  
M S Dennis ◽  
W J Henzel ◽  
J Bell ◽  
W Kohr ◽  
D R Light
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Rubber Particles

scholarly journals Methionine and Arginine Supply Alters Abundance of Amino Acid, Insulin Signaling, and Glutathione Metabolism-Related Proteins in Bovine Subcutaneous Adipose Explants Challenged with N-Acetyl-d-sphingosine

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 2114
Author(s):  
Yusheng Liang ◽  
Nana Ma ◽  
Danielle N. Coleman ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Yu Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Protein Abundance ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

The objective was to perform a proof-of-principle study to evaluate the effects of methionine (Met) and arginine (Arg) supply on protein abundance of amino acid, insulin signaling, and glutathione metabolism-related proteins in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) explants under ceramide (Ce) challenge. SAT from four lactating Holstein cows was incubated with one of the following media: ideal profile of amino acid as the control (IPAA; Lys:Met 2.9:1, Lys:Arg 2:1), increased Met (incMet; Lys:Met 2.5:1), increased Arg (incArg; Lys:Arg 1:1), or incMet plus incArg (Lys:Met 2.5:1 Lys:Arg 1:1) with or without 100 μM exogenous cell-permeable Ce (N-Acetyl-d-sphingosine). Ceramide stimulation downregulated the overall abundance of phosphorylated (p) protein kinase B (AKT), p-mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p-eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2). Without Ce stimulation, increased Met, Arg, or Met + Arg resulted in lower p-mTOR. Compared with control SAT stimulated with Ce, increased Met, Arg, or Met + Arg resulted in greater activation of mTOR (p-mTOR/total mTOR) and AKT (p-AKT/total AKT), with a more pronounced response due to Arg. The greatest protein abundance of glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1) was detected in response to increased Met supply during Ce stimulation. Ceramide stimulation decreased the overall protein abundance of the Na-coupled neutral amino acid transporter SLC38A1 and branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase (BCKDK). However, compared with controls, increased Met or Arg supply attenuated the downregulation of BCKDK induced by Ce. Circulating ceramides might affect amino acid, insulin signaling, and glutathione metabolism in dairy cow adipose tissue. Further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the role of rumen-protected amino acids in regulating bovine adipose function.

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