scholarly journals Transcriptome and Gene Editing Analyses Reveal MOF1a Defect Alters the Expression of Genes Associated with Tapetum Development and Chromosome Behavior at Meiosis Stage Resulting in Low Pollen Fertility of Tetraploid Rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7489
Author(s):  
Zijun Lu ◽  
Xiaotong Guo ◽  
Zhiyu Huang ◽  
Juan Xia ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Pollen Development ◽  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Myb Transcription Factor ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Autotetraploid Rice

Autotetraploid rice is a useful rice germplasm for polyploid rice breeding. However, low fertility limits its commercial production. A neo-tetraploid rice with high fertility was developed from the progenies of crossing between autotetraploid lines by our research group. Our previous study showed that a myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor, MOF1, might be associated with the pollen development in tetraploid rice. However, little information is available about its role in pollen development in tetraploid rice. Here, we identified a new haplotype of MOF1 from neo-tetraploid rice and marked it as MOF1a. Transcriptome and qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that MOF1a highly expressed in anthers, and displayed differential expression in neo-tetraploid rice compared to tetraploid rice line with low pollen fertility. The mutant (mof1a) of MOF1a, which was generated by CRISPR/Cas9 knockout in neo-tetraploid rice, showed low pollen fertility, and also exhibited abnormal tapetum and middle layer development, and defective chromosome behaviors during meiosis. A total of 13 tapetal related genes were found to be up-regulated in meiotic anthers of MOF1a compared with wild type plants by RNA-seq analysis, including CYP703A3, PTC1, and OsABCG26, which had been demonstrated to affect tapetal development. Moreover, 335 meiosis-related genes displayed differential expression patterns at same stage, including nine important meiosis-related genes, such as metallothionein OsMT1a. These results demonstrated that MOF1a plays an important role in pollen development and provides a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying MOF1a in reproduction of tetraploid rice.

scholarly journals Cytological Observations and Bulked-Segregant Analysis Coupled Global Genome Sequencing Reveal Two Genes Associated with Pollen Fertility in Tetraploid Rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 841
Author(s):  
Nabieu Kamara ◽  
Yamin Jiao ◽  
Zijun Lu ◽  
Kelvin Dodzi Aloryi ◽  
Jinwen Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Pollen Development ◽  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Autotetraploid Rice ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
New Perspective

Neo-tetraploid rice with high fertility is a useful germplasm for polyploid rice breeding, which was developed from the crossing of different autotetraploid rice lines. However, little information is available on the molecular mechanism underlying the fertility of neo-tetraploid rice. Here, two contrasting populations of tetraploid rice, including one with high fertility (hereafter referred to as JG) and another with low fertility (hereafter referred to as JD), were generated by crossing Huaduo 3 (H3), a high fertility neo-tetraploid rice that was developed by crossing Jackson-4x with 96025-4x, and Huajingxian74-4x (T452), a low fertility autotetraploid rice parent. Cytological, global genome sequencing-based bulked-segregant (BSA-seq) and CRISPR/Cas9 technology were employed to study the genes associated with pollen fertility in neo-tetraploid rice. The embryo sacs of JG and JD lines were normal; however, pollen fertility was low in JD, which led to scarce fertilization and low seed setting. Cytological observations displayed low pollen fertility (25.1%) and approximately 31.3 and 27.2% chromosome lagging at metaphase I and II, and 28.8 and 24.8% chromosome straggling at anaphase I and II in JD, respectively. BSA-seq of F2–3 generations and RNA-seq of F4 generation detected a common fragment, i.e., 18,915,234–19,500,000, at chromosome 7, which was comprised of 78 genes associated with fertility. Among 78 genes, 9 genes had been known to be involved in meiosis and pollen development. Two mutants ny1 (LOC_Os07g32406) and ny2 (LOC_Os07g32040) were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 knockout in neo-tetraploid rice, and which exhibited low pollen fertility and abnormal chromosome behavior. Our study revealed that two unknown genes, LOC_Os07g32406 (NY1) and LOC_Os07g32040 (NY2) play an important role in pollen development of neo-tetraploid rice and provides a new perspective about the genetic mechanisms of fertility in polyploid rice.

scholarly journals Comparative Cytological and Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Normal Pollen Development Process and Up-Regulation of Fertility-Related Genes in Newly Developed Tetraploid Rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (19) ◽  
pp. 7046
Author(s):  
Jinwen Wu ◽  
Yuanmou Chen ◽  
Hong Lin ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Hang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Development ◽  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Autotetraploid Rice ◽  
Environmentally Sensitive

Autotetraploid rice is a useful germplasm for polyploid rice breeding; however, low seed setting is a major hindrance for its utilization. Here, we reported the development of a new tetraploid rice, Huoduo1 (H1), which has the characteristic of high fertility, from crossing generations of autotetraploid rice. Cytological observations displayed the high fertility of the pollen (95.62%) in H1, a lower percentage of pollen mother cell (PMC) abnormalities, and stable chromosome configurations during the pollen development process compared with its parents. Using RNA-seq analysis, we detected 440 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in H1 compared with its parents. Of these DEGs, 193 were annotated as pollen fertility-related genes, and 129 (~66.8%) exhibited significant up-regulation in H1 compared with the parents, including three environmentally sensitive genic male sterility genes (TMS9-1, TMS5, and CSA), one meiosis gene (RAD51D), and three tapetal-related genes (MIL2, OsAP25, and OsAP37), which were validated by qRT-PCR in this study. Two genes, TMS9-1 and TMS5, were knocked out using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and their mutants displayed low fertility and the abnormal development of pollen. Our findings provide evidence for the regulatory mechanisms of fertility in tetraploid rice and indicated that the up-regulation of pollen fertility-related genes may contribute to the high fertility in new tetraploid rice.

scholarly journals Comparative cytological and transcriptome analysis reveals high pollen fertility and upregulation of related genes in neo-tetraploid rice

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinwen Wu ◽  
Yuanmou Chen ◽  
Hong Lin ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Hang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Development ◽  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Rice Breeding ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
High Pollen ◽  
Autotetraploid Rice

Abstract Background: Autotetraploid rice is a useful germplasm for polyploid rice breeding; however, low seed setting is a major hindrance for the utilization of autotetraploid rice. Our previous study demonstrated that neo-tetraploid rice have great yield potential, which is thought to be one effective way to overcome the low fertility of autotetraploid rice. However, there is little known about the cause of high pollen fertility in neo-tetraploid rice. Here, we employed cytology and RNA-seq to study the molecular genetic mechanism of high pollen fertility in neo-tetraploid rice.Results: Cytological observations indicate that H1 displayed high pollen fertility (95.62%), lower percentage of PMC cell abnormalities, and stable chromosome configurations during the pollen development process compared with its two parents. RNA-seq analysis detected 1483 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in neo-tetraploid rice compared with its two parents. Of these DEGs, 433 were annotated as pollen fertility-related genes, and 240 (~55.4%) exhibited significant upregulation in neo-tetraploid rice compared with its two parents, including nine cloned genes ( CSA , TMS5 etc.) that were validated by qRT-PCR and had been demonstrated to be pollen fertility-related genes. We further selected TMS5 as a candidate gene and analysed its phenotype in neo-tetraploid rice using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Significant variations have been detected in phenotypic charts, pollen development process and expression level in H1 and its TMS5 knockout lines.Conclusions: Our finding provides strong evidence for the regulatory mechanisms of neo-tetraploid rice, and upregulation of pollen fertility-related genes should be associated with high fertility. Moreover, the present study provides a new useful germplasm for polyploidy rice breeding.

scholarly journals Identification of stable pollen development related reference genes for accurate qRT-PCR analysis and morphological variations in autotetraploid and diploid rice

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253244
Author(s):  
Jinwen Wu ◽  
Hao Fan ◽  
Yifan Hu ◽  
Haibin Guo ◽  
Hong Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reference Genes ◽  
Pollen Development ◽  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cytochrome B5 ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Autotetraploid Rice ◽  
Fertility Genes ◽  
Diploid Rice

Autotetraploid rice exhibited hybrid vigor and greater genetic variation compared to diploid rice, but low pollen fertility is a major hindrance for its utilization. Our previous analysis revealed that large number of pollen fertility genes were exhibited down-regulation in autotetraploid rice. Hence, it is of utmost importance to reveal the expression patterns of pollen fertility genes with high accuracy. To find stable reference genes for autotetraploid rice, we compared the pollen development stages between diploid and autotetraploid rice, and 14 candidate genes were selected based on transcriptome analysis to evaluate their expression levels. Autotetraploid rice (i.e. Taichung65-4x) displayed lower seed set (40.40%) and higher percentage of abnormalities during the pollen development process than its diploid counterpart. To detect the candidate reference genes for pollen development of autotetraploid and diploid rice, we used five different algorithms, including NormFinder, BestKeeper, ΔCt method, geNorm and Re-Finder to evaluate their expression patterns stability. Consequently, we identified two genes, Cytochrome b5 and CPI, as the best candidate reference genes for qRT-PCR normalization in autotetraploid and diploid rice during pre-meiosis, meiosis, single microspore and bicellular pollen development stages. However, Cytochrome b5 was found to be the most stably expressed gene during different pollen development stages in autotetraploid rice. The results of our study provide a platform for subsequent gene expression analyses in autotetraploid rice, which could also be used in other polyploid plants.

Transcriptome profile and association study revealed STAT3 gene as a potential quality marker of bovine gametes

Zygote ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-130
Author(s):  
Nasser Ghanem ◽  
Dessie Salilew-Wondim ◽  
Michael Hoelker ◽  
Karl Schellander ◽  
Dawit Tesfaye
Keyword(s):  
Estrous Cycle ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cdna Array ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Genetic Merit

SummaryThe present study was aimed to investigate differences in molecular signatures in oocytes derived from Holstein-Friesian heifers with different genetic merit for fertility, euthanized during day 0 or day 12 of the estrous cycle. Moreover, association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of ODC1 and STAT3 genes and bull fertility traits was investigated. The gene expression patterns were analyzed using cDNA array and validated with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The result revealed that several genes have shown not only to be regulated by fertility merit but also by the day of oocyte recovery during the estrous cycle. The STAT3 gene was found to be upregulated in oocytes recovered from animals with high fertility merit at both day 0 and day 12. Some other genes like PTTG1, ODC1 and TUBA1C were downregulated at day 0 and upregulated at day 12 in high, compared with low, fertility merit recovered oocytes. In contrast, the transcript abundance of TPM3 was upregulated at day 0 and downregulated at day 12 in high, compared with low, fertility merit recovered oocytes. In addition, ODC1 and STAT3 were found to be associated (P < 0.05) with sperm quality traits as well as flow cytometry parameters. Therefore, the expression of several candidate genes including ODC1 and STAT3 was related to the genetic merit of the cow. In addition polymorphisms in these two genes were found to be associated with bull semen quality.

scholarly journals Comparative cytological and transcriptome analysis reveals high pollen fertility and upregulation of environmentally sensitive genic male sterility genes in neo-tetraploid rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinwen Wu ◽  
Yuanmou Chen ◽  
Hong Lin ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Hang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
Pollen Development ◽  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Rice Breeding ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
High Pollen ◽  
Autotetraploid Rice ◽  
Environmentally Sensitive ◽  
Sterility Genes

Abstract Background: Autotetraploid rice is a useful germplasm for polyploid rice breeding; however, low seed setting is a major hindrance for the utilization of autotetraploid rice. Our previous study demonstrated that neo-tetraploid rice have great yield potential, which is thought to be one effective way to overcome the low fertility of autotetraploid rice. However, there is little known about the cause of high pollen fertility in neo-tetraploid rice. Here, we employed cytology and RNA-seq to study the molecular genetic mechanism of high pollen fertility in neo-tetraploid rice. Results: Cytological observations indicate that H1 displayed high pollen fertility (95.62%), lower percentage of pollen mother cells（PMCs）abnormalities, and stable chromosome configurations during the pollen development process compared with its two parents. RNA-seq analysis detected 1479 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in neo-tetraploid rice compared with its two parents. Of these DEGs, 433 were annotated as pollen fertility-related genes, and 240 (~55.4%) exhibited significant upregulation in neo-tetraploid rice compared with its two parents, including nine cloned genes ( TMS5 , CSA etc.) that were validated by qRT-PCR and had been demonstrated to be pollen fertility-related genes. We further selected TMS5 as a candidate gene and analysed its phenotype in neo-tetraploid rice using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Significant variations have been detected in phenotypic charts, pollen development process and expression level in H1 and TMS5 knockout lines. Conclusion: Our finding provides strong evidence for the regulatory mechanisms of neo-tetraploid rice, and upregulation of pollen fertility-related genes should be associated with high fertility. Moreover, knockout of environmentally sensitive genic male sterility genes in the present study provide the new useful germplasm for polyploidy rice breeding.

scholarly journals Global identification and analysis revealed differentially expressed lncRNAs associated with meiosis and low fertility in autotetraploid rice

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Li ◽  
Muhammad Qasim Shahid ◽  
Minsi Wen ◽  
Shuling Chen ◽  
Hang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Mother Cell ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Autotetraploid Rice ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Abstract Background Autotetraploid rice is a useful germplasm for polyploid rice breeding. Our previous research showed that non-coding RNAs might be associated with low fertility in autotetraploid rice. However, little information is available on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) involved in the low fertility of autotetraploid rice. In the present study, RNA-seq was employed to detect the differentially expressed meiosis-related lncRNAs in autotetraploid rice, and gene overexpression and knock out experiments were used to validate the potential function of candidate lncRNA. Results A total of 444 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DEL) were detected during anther and ovary meiosis in autotetraploid rice. Of these, 328 DEL were associated with the transposable elements, which displayed low expression levels during meiosis in autotetraploid rice. We used rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) assay to validate 10 DEL and found that the lncRNAs were not assembly artifacts, and six of them were conserved in tetraploid rice. Moreover, 237 and 20 lncRNAs were associated with pollen mother cell (PMC) and embryo sac mother cell (EMC) meiosis in autotetraploid rice, respectively. The differential expressions of some meiosis-related targets and its DEL regulator, including MEL1 regulated by TCONS_00068868, LOC_Os12g41350 (meiotic asynaptic mutant 1) by TCONS_00057811 in PMC, and LOC_Os12g39420 by TCONS_00144592 in EMC, were confirmed by qRT-PCR. TCONS_00057811, TCONS_00055980 and TCONS_00130461 showed anther specific expression patterns and were found to be highly expressed during meiosis. CRISPR/Cas9 editing of lncRNA57811 displayed similar morphology compared to wild type. The overexpression of lncRNA57811 resulted in low pollen fertility (29.70%) and seed setting (33%) in rice. Conclusion The differential expression levels of lncRNAs, associated with transposable elements and meiosis-regulated targets, might be endogenous noncoding regulators of pollen/embryo sac development that cause low fertility in autotetraploid rice. The results enhance our understanding about rice lncRNAs, and facilitate functional research in autotetraploid rice.

scholarly journals Capsicum chinense MYB Transcription Factor Genes: Identification, Expression Analysis, and Their Conservation and Diversification With Other Solanaceae Genomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khushbu Islam ◽  
Abdul Rawoof ◽  
Ilyas Ahmad ◽  
Meenakshi Dubey ◽  
John Momo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Myb Transcription Factor ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
Capsicum Chinense ◽  
Significant Differential Expression ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Capsaicinoid Biosynthesis

Myeloblastosis (MYB) genes are important transcriptional regulators of plant growth, development, and secondary metabolic biosynthesis pathways, such as capsaicinoid biosynthesis in Capsicum. Although MYB genes have been identified in Capsicum annuum, no comprehensive study has been conducted on other Capsicum species. We identified a total of 251 and 240 MYB encoding genes in Capsicum chinense MYBs (CcMYBs) and Capsicum baccatum MYBs (CbMYBs). The observation of twenty tandem and 41 segmental duplication events indicated expansion of the MYB gene family in the C. chinense genome. Five CcMYB genes, i.e., CcMYB101, CcMYB46, CcMYB6, CcPHR8, and CcRVE5, and two CaMYBs, i.e., CaMYB3 and CaHHO1, were found within the previously reported capsaicinoid biosynthesis quantitative trait loci. Based on phylogenetic analysis with tomato MYB proteins, the Capsicum MYBs were classified into 24 subgroups supported by conserved amino acid motifs and gene structures. Also, a total of 241 CcMYBs were homologous with 225 C. annuum, 213 C. baccatum, 125 potato, 79 tomato, and 23 Arabidopsis MYBs. Synteny analysis showed that all 251 CcMYBs were collinear with C. annuum, C. baccatum, tomato, potato, and Arabidopsis MYBs spanning over 717 conserved syntenic segments. Using transcriptome data from three fruit developmental stages, a total of 54 CcMYBs and 81 CaMYBs showed significant differential expression patterns. Furthermore, the expression of 24 CcMYBs from the transcriptome data was validated by quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR analysis. Eight out of the 24 CcMYBs validated by the qRT-PCR were highly expressed in fiery hot C. chinense than in the lowly pungent C. annuum. Furthermore, the co-expression analysis revealed several MYB genes clustered with genes from the capsaicinoid, anthocyanin, phenylpropanoid, carotenoid, and flavonoids biosynthesis pathways, and related to determining fruit shape and size. The homology modeling of 126 R2R3 CcMYBs showed high similarity with that of the Arabidopsis R2R3 MYB domain template, suggesting their potential functional similarity at the proteome level. Furthermore, we have identified simple sequence repeat (SSR) motifs in the CcMYB genes, which could be used in Capsicum breeding programs. The functional roles of the identified CcMYBs could be studied further so that they can be manipulated for Capsicum trait improvement.

scholarly journals Comparative cytological and transcriptome analysis reveals high pollen fertility and upregulation of environmentally sensitive genic male sterility genes in neo-tetraploid rice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinwen Wu ◽  
Yuanmou Chen ◽  
Hong Lin ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Hang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
Pollen Development ◽  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Rice Breeding ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
High Pollen ◽  
Autotetraploid Rice ◽  
Environmentally Sensitive ◽  
Sterility Genes

Abstract Background: Autotetraploid rice is a useful germplasm for polyploid rice breeding; however, low seed setting is a major hindrance for the utilization of autotetraploid rice. Our previous study demonstrated that neo-tetraploid rice have great yield potential, which is thought to be one effective way to overcome the low fertility of autotetraploid rice. However, there is little known about the cause of high pollen fertility in neo-tetraploid rice. Here, we employed cytology and RNA-seq to study the molecular genetic mechanism of high pollen fertility in neo-tetraploid rice. Results: Cytological observations indicate that H1 displayed high pollen fertility (95.62%), lower percentage of pollen mother cells（PMCs）abnormalities, and stable chromosome configurations during the pollen development process compared with its two parents. RNA-seq analysis detected 440 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in neo-tetraploid rice compared with its two parents. Of these DEGs, 193 were annotated as pollen fertility-related genes, and 129 (~66.8%) exhibited significant upregulation in neo-tetraploid rice compared with its two parents, including nine cloned genes ( TMS9-1 , TMS5 etc.) that were validated by qRT-PCR and had been demonstrated to be pollen fertility-related genes. We further selected TMS9-1 and TMS5 as the candidate gene and analysed its pollen fertility in neo-tetraploid rice using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. Significant variations have been detected in pollen fertility value, pollen development process and expression level in H1 and its knock out lines. Conclusion: Our finding provides strong evidence for the regulatory mechanisms of neo-tetraploid rice, and upregulation of pollen fertility-related genes should be associated with high fertility. Moreover, knockout of environmentally sensitive genic male sterility genes in the present study provides the new useful germplasm for polyploidy rice breeding.

Genome-wide identification of the AP2/ERF transcription factor family in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

Genome ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 663-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing-Hao Jin ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Huai-Xia Zhang ◽  
Abid Khan ◽  
Ai-Min Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Differential Expression ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Promoter Regions ◽  
Genome Database ◽  
Cis Acting ◽  
Biotic Stresses

The AP2/ERF family is one of the largest transcription factor families in the plant kingdom. AP2/ERF genes contributing to various processes including plant growth, development, and response to various stresses have been identified. In this study, 175 putative AP2/ERF genes were identified in the latest pepper genome database and classified into AP2, RAV, ERF, and Soloist subfamilies. Their chromosomal localization, gene structure, conserved motif, cis-acting elements within the promoter region, and subcellular locations were analyzed. Transient expression of CaAP2/ERF proteins in tobacco revealed that CaAP2/ERF064, CaAP2/ERF109, and CaAP2/ERF127 were located in the nucleus, while CaAP2/ERF171 was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Most of the CaAP2/ERF genes contained cis-elements within their promoter regions that responded to various stresses (HSE, LTR, MBS, Box-W1/W-box, and TC-rich repeats) and phytohormones (ABRE, CGTCA-motif, and TCA-element). Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis revealed that CaAP2/ERF genes showed differential expression profiles in various tissues as well as under biotic stresses. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis of eight selected CaAP2/ERF genes also showed differential expression patterns in response to infection with Phytophthora capsici (HX-9) and in response to phytohormones (SA, MeJA, and ETH). This study will provide basic insights for further studies of the CaAP2/ERF genes involved in the interaction between pepper and P. capsici.

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