scholarly journals Characteristic Effects of the Cardiac Non-Neuronal Acetylcholine System Augmentation on Brain Functions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Yoshihiko Kakinuma
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Modality ◽  
Cardiac Physiology ◽  
Therapeutic Application ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Application Mode

Since the discovery of non-neuronal acetylcholine in the heart, this specific system has drawn scientific interest from many research fields, including cardiology, immunology, and pharmacology. This system, acquired by cardiomyocytes independent of the parasympathetic nervous system of the autonomic nervous system, helps us to understand unsolved issues in cardiac physiology and to realize that the system may be more pivotal for cardiac homeostasis than expected. However, it has been shown that the effects of this system may not be restricted to the heart, but rather extended to cover extra-cardiac organs. To this end, this system intriguingly influences brain function, specifically potentiating blood brain barrier function. Although the results reported appear to be unusual, this novel characteristic can provide us with another research interest and therapeutic application mode for central nervous system diseases. In this review, we discuss our recent studies and raise the possibility of application of this system as an adjunctive therapeutic modality.

Frequency decomposition and phase synchronization of the visual evoked potential using the empirical mode decomposition

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Byuckjin Lee ◽  
Byeongnam Kim ◽  
Sun K. Yoo
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Mode Decomposition ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Visual Evoked Potential ◽  
Evoked Potential ◽  
Posterior Lobe ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Mode Decomposition ◽  
Frequency Components ◽  
Visual Evoked

AbstractObjectivesThe phase characteristics of the representative frequency components of the Electroencephalogram (EEG) can be a means of understanding the brain functions of human senses and perception. In this paper, we found out that visual evoked potential (VEP) is composed of the dominant multi-band component signals of the EEG through the experiment.MethodsWe analyzed the characteristics of VEP based on the theory that brain evoked potentials can be decomposed into phase synchronized signals. In order to decompose the EEG signal into across each frequency component signals, we extracted the signals in the time-frequency domain with high resolution using the empirical mode decomposition method. We applied the Hilbert transform (HT) to extract the signal and synthesized it into a frequency band signal representing VEP components. VEP could be decomposed into phase synchronized δ, θ, α, and β frequency signals. We investigated the features of visual brain function by analyzing the amplitude and latency of the decomposed signals in phase synchronized with the VEP and the phase-locking value (PLV) between brain regions.ResultsIn response to visual stimulation, PLV values were higher in the posterior lobe region than in the anterior lobe. In the occipital region, the PLV value of theta band was observed high.ConclusionsThe VEP signals decomposed into constituent frequency components through phase analysis can be used as a method of analyzing the relationship between activated signals and brain function related to visual stimuli.

scholarly journals Fundamental functional differences between gyri and sulci: implications for brain function, cognition, and behavior

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-41
Author(s):  
Xi Jiang ◽  
Tuo Zhang ◽  
Shu Zhang ◽  
Keith M Kendrick ◽  
Tianming Liu
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Functional Differentiation ◽  
Cortical Folding ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Structural Architecture ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Folding of the cerebral cortex is a prominent characteristic of mammalian brains. Alterations or deficits in cortical folding are strongly correlated with abnormal brain function, cognition, and behavior. Therefore, a precise mapping between the anatomy and function of the brain is critical to our understanding of the mechanisms of brain structural architecture in both health and diseases. Gyri and sulci, the standard nomenclature for cortical anatomy, serve as building blocks to make up complex folding patterns, providing a window to decipher cortical anatomy and its relation with brain functions. Huge efforts have been devoted to this research topic from a variety of disciplines including genetics, cell biology, anatomy, neuroimaging, and neurology, as well as involving computational approaches based on machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms. However, despite increasing progress, our understanding of the functional anatomy of gyro-sulcal patterns is still in its infancy. In this review, we present the current state of this field and provide our perspectives of the methodologies and conclusions concerning functional differentiation between gyri and sulci, as well as the supporting information from genetic, cell biology, and brain structure research. In particular, we will further present a proposed framework for attempting to interpret the dynamic mechanisms of the functional interplay between gyri and sulci. Hopefully, this review will provide a comprehensive summary of anatomo-functional relationships in the cortical gyro-sulcal system together with a consideration of how these contribute to brain function, cognition, and behavior, as well as to mental disorders.

scholarly journals Daily inhalation of hydrogen gas has a blood pressure-lowering effect in a rat model of hypertension

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhisa Sugai ◽  
Tomoyoshi Tamura ◽  
Motoaki Sano ◽  
Shizuka Uemura ◽  
Masahiko Fujisawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Blood Pressure Lowering ◽  
Blood Pressure Lowering Effect ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Lowering Effect ◽  
Pressure Lowering

AbstractA recent clinical study demonstrated that haemodialysis with a dialysate containing hydrogen (H2) improves blood pressure control in end-stage kidney disease. Herein, we examined whether H2 has a salutary effect on hypertension in animal models. We subjected 5/6 nephrectomised rats to inhalation of either H2 (1.3% H2 + 21% O2 + 77.7% N2) or control (21% O2 + 79% N2) gas mixture for 1 h per day. H2 significantly suppressed increases in blood pressure after 5/6 nephrectomy. The anti-hypertensive effect of H2 was also confirmed in rats in a stable hypertensive state 3 weeks after nephrectomy. To examine the detailed effects of H2 on hypertension, we used an implanted telemetry system to continuously monitor blood pressure. H2 exerted an anti-hypertensive effect not only during daytime rest, but also during night-time activities. Spectral analysis of blood pressure variability revealed that H2 improved autonomic imbalance, namely by suppressing the overly active sympathetic nervous system and augmenting parasympathetic nervous system activity; these effects co-occurred with the blood pressure-lowering effect. In conclusion, 1-h daily exposure to H2 exerts an anti-hypertensive effect in an animal model of hypertension.

Fast Detoxification of Heroin Addicts by Acupuncture and Electrical Stimulation (AES) in Combination with Naloxone

1977 ◽  
Vol 05 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. WEN
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Abstinence Syndrome ◽  
Rehabilitation Centre ◽  
Heroin Addicts ◽  
Social Rehabilitation ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
Long Acting

Detoxification can be accomplished more rapidly by first "flushing" the opiates from the receptor sites. Naloxone, a short antagonist displaces opiates from the receptor sites and such displacement precipitates an abstinence syndrome. Recently, a method of using acupuncture and electrical stimulation (AES) in combination with naloxone for fast detoxification was reported. This technique was applied to 50 cases of heroin addicts. Forty-one were detoxified. There were nine failures. Of the 41 cases, 18 patients were sent to rehabilitation centres and did not experience abstinence symptoms. Six were sent out of Hong Kong where heroin is not available, and two others did not go to a rehabilitation centre but still abstained. The other 15 were presumed to be on the drug. It is advocated that AES increases endorphin and relieves abstinence syndrome, but also at the same time inhibits the autonomic nervous system, mainly the parasympathetic nervous system. The technique does not stop the craving, therefore after detoxification, the patients should be sent for psycho-social rehabilitation, or alternatively be put on long acting antagonist.

scholarly journals Human and Human-Interfaced AI Interactions: Modulation of Human Male Autonomic Nervous System via Pupil Mimicry

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1028
Author(s):  
Catherine Spicer ◽  
Prashanna Khwaounjoo ◽  
Yusuf Ozgur Cakmak
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Pupil Dilation ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Virtual Humans ◽  
Autonomic Functioning ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Pupil Constriction

Pupillary alterations in virtual humans induce neurophysiological responses within an observer. Technological advances have enabled rapid developments in artificial intelligence (AI), from verbal systems, to visual AI interfaces with the ability to express, and respond to emotional states of a user. Visual AI interfaces are able to change their physical parameters, such as pupil diameter. Pupillary changes can alter heart rate, however, effects on heart rate variability (HRV) are unknown. HRV, is an autonomic, non-conscious parameter which monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity. N = 34 male participants aged between 19–33 were subjected to a number of conditions such as pupil dilation, constriction and blushing. The present research is the first to investigate the effects of virtual human interactions on human HRV. Outcomes of this study were obtained using eye tracking and HRV measurements. Pupil dilation relative to constriction presented in the female virtual partner induced a significant right pupillary diameter increase (p = 0.041) in human observers. Additionally, female virtual partner pupil constriction relative to dilation induced a significant increase in participants’ PNS HRV response (p = 0.036). These findings indicate the ability of a female virtual interaction partner to modulate parasympathetic autonomic functioning in young healthy male humans. This allows first insights into the effects of interacting with virtual AI interaction partners, on human autonomic functioning, and may aid development of future virtual humans, and their implementation into relevant clinical settings.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document