scholarly journals Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript (CART) Expression Changes in the Stomach Wall Affected by Experimentally Induced Gastric Ulcerations

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7437
Author(s):  
Michal Zalecki ◽  
Adrianna Plywacz ◽  
Hanna Antushevich ◽  
Amelia Franke-Radowiecka
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Tissue Reaction ◽  
Gastric Ulceration ◽  
Stomach Wall ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Encoding Gene

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is a peptide suggested to play a role in gastrointestinal tract tissue reaction to pathology. Gastric ulceration is a common disorder affecting huge number of people, and additionally, it contributes to the loss of pig livestock production. Importantly, ulceration as a focal disruption affecting deeper layers of the stomach wall differs from other gastrointestinal pathologies and should be studied individually. The pig’s gastrointestinal tract, due to its many similarities to the human counterpart, provides a valuable experimental model for studying digestive system pathologies. To date, the role of CART in gastric ulceration and the expression of the gene encoding CART in porcine gastrointestinal tube are completely unknown. Therefore, we aimed to verify the changes in the CART expression by Q-PCR (gene encoding CART in the tissue) and double immunofluorescence staining combined with confocal microscopy (CART immunofluorescence in enteric nervous system) in the porcine stomach tissues adjacent to gastric ulcerations. Surprisingly, we found that gastric ulcer caused a significant decrease in the expression of CART-encoding gene and huge reduction in the percentage of CART-immunofluorescent myenteric perikarya and neuronal fibers located within the circular muscle layer. Our results indicate a unique CART-dependent gastric response to ulcer disease.

Role of nitric oxide as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the canine pyloric sphincter

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (5) ◽  
pp. G975-G983 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Bayguinov ◽  
K. M. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Sphincter Pressure ◽  
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Intracellular Microelectrodes ◽  
In Cells

Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that enteric inhibitory neurotransmission in pyloric muscles is mediated by NO. Junction potentials were recorded with intracellular microelectrodes from cells near the myenteric and submucosal surfaces of the circular muscle layer. Inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs) were apamin sensitive and were reduced by arginine analogues [NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA)]. The effects of arginine analogues were reversed by L-arginine. Inhibition of IJPs unmasked excitatory JPs (EJPs) in the myenteric region and increased excitability of cells in the submucosal region. IJPs were also reduced by oxyhemoglobin. As with arginine analogues, reduction in IJPs increased EJP amplitude. Combination of L-NAME and oxyhemoglobin completely blocked IJPs, suggesting that NO, or an NO-containing compound, mediated the enteric inhibitory nerve responses. Exogenous NO hyperpolarized membrane potential, and these responses were also reduced by apamin. The magnitude of the responses to a given dose of NO was similar in cells of the myenteric and submucosal regions, suggesting that relatively smaller IJPs in submucosal cells may be due to a lower density of enteric inhibitory innervation in the submucosal region. The effects of NO were mimicked by 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) and M & B 22948, a specific cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, suggesting that the hyperpolarization response to NO may be mediated by enhanced production of cGMP. IJPs were also prolonged by M & B 22948. IJPs and NO disrupted normal electrical rhythmicity in cells in the myenteric region. This may provide a basis for inhibitory effects of enteric inhibitory nerve stimulation on sphincter pressure in pyloric canal in vivo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Site-specific gene expression of nNOS variants in distinct functional regions of rat gastrointestinal tract

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (2) ◽  
pp. G349-G358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Saur ◽  
Winfried L. Neuhuber ◽  
Bernd Gengenbach ◽  
Andrea Huber ◽  
Volker Schusdziarra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Gastric Stasis ◽  
Longitudinal Muscle Layer ◽  
Translational Initiation ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Mrna Variants

5′ mRNA variants of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) are generated either by alternative promoter usage resulting in different mRNAs that encode for the same protein (nNOSα) or alternative splicing encoding NH2-terminally truncated proteins (nNOSβ/γ) that lack the PDZ/GLGF domain for protein-protein interaction of nNOSα. We studied the expression of 5′ nNOS mRNA forms and nNOS-interacting proteins (postsynaptic density protein-95; PSD-95) in the rat gastrointestinal tract and analyzed the more distinct localization of nNOS protein variants in the duodenum by immunohistochemistry with COOH- and NH2-terminal nNOS antibodies. 5′ nNOS mRNA variants showed a site-specific expression along the gastrointestinal tract with presence of all forms (nNOSα-a, -b, -c; nNOSβ) in the muscle layer of esophagus, stomach, duodenum, longitudinal muscle layer of jejunum/ileum, proximal colon, and rectum. In contrast, a lack of nNOSα-a and nNOSβ mRNA was observed in pylorus, circular muscle layer of jejunum/ileum, and cecum. Expression of nNOSα and nNOSβ cDNAs revealed proteins of ∼155 kDa and 135/125 kDa, respectively. Immunohistochemistry showed a differential distribution of COOH- and NH2-terminal nNOS immunoreactivity in distinct layers of rat duodenum, suggesting a cell-specific expression and distinct compartmentalization of nNOS proteins. Observed distribution of 5′ nNOS mRNA variants and proteins argue for a complex control of nNOS expression by usage of separate promoters, cell- and site-specific splicing mechanisms, and translational initiation. These mechanisms could be involved in gastrointestinal motor diseases and may explain the phenotype of nNOSα knockout mice with gastric stasis and pyloric stenosis, due to a total loss of nNOS in the pyloric sphincter region.

scholarly journals THE COMBINATION OF LADD’S SYNDROME WITH CONGENITAL HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-216
Author(s):  
V. V. Navasad ◽  
◽  
V. I. Kavalchuk ◽  
E. A. Navasad ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Pyloric Stenosis ◽  
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis

Background. The combination of the two congenital pathological conditions – compression of the duodenum by embryonic cords of the peritoneum and congenital inversion of the small intestine and right half of the colon due to incomplete bowel rotation – was described in detail by W. E. Ladd in 1932, thus the pathology is known as “Ladd’s syndrome” (LS). Congenital pyloric stenosis belongs to a group of severe birth defects. The disease is based on a congenital violation of the morphological structures of the pyloric sphincter of the stomach due to hypertrophy of the circular muscle layer and interstitial tissue leading to pyloric stenosis and impaired patency in this part of the gastrointestinal tract. Objective. Demonstration of diagnostics and treatment peculiarities of a rare case of a combined pathology of the gastrointestinal tract in a newborn. Material and methods. The data from clinical observation of the patient M., 3 days old, who was treated in the neonatal Department of the Grodno regional children’s clinical hospital (GODKB) since December 2018 till March 2019. Results. The child was found to have a combination of Ladd’s syndrome with congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Successful correction of the birth defects was performed. Conclusion. We have presented a case report that hasn’t been yet described in literature. Despite the diffculties in diagnostics, the patient was discharged with recovery. The follow-up examination in 2020 revealed no abnormalities in the child’s development.

scholarly journals Three Dimensional Structural Modelling of Lipase Encoding Gene from Soil Bacterium Alcaligenes sp. JG3 Using Automated Protein Homology Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 565
Author(s):  
Dilin Rahayu Nataningtyas ◽  
Tri Joko Raharjo ◽  
Endang Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Protein Sequences ◽  
Alcaligenes Faecalis ◽  
Catalytic Triad ◽  
Protein Homology ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Transporter Protein ◽  
Transporter Family ◽  
Encoding Gene

Bacterial lipases have significant potential to be used as the biocatalyst for many chemical reactions. In this study, a novel gene encoding lipase was isolated from an Alcaligenes sp. JG3. A pair of designed primer has successfully isolated 1 kb (LipJG3) that shares 98% identity towards lipase from Alcaligenes faecalis during sequence analysis. By using in silico tools, LipJG3 was related to the transporter protein sequences. Three highly conserved regions consisting of EASGSKT, VILLD, and LSGGQQQRVAIA were found. These regions were known as ATP-binding signature at Walker-A and Walker-B motifs and the S signature of ABC transporter family respectively. In addition, the 3-D structure of LipJG3 has been suggested but the role of the catalytic triad residues have been not fully understood.

Distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal in tunica muscularis of the canine rectoanal region

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (5) ◽  
pp. G756-G767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhide Horiguchi ◽  
Kathleen D. Keef ◽  
Sean M. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Internal Anal Sphincter ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Interstitial Cells Of Cajal ◽  
Circular Muscle ◽  
Muscle Layer ◽  
Circular Muscle Layer ◽  
Circular Layer ◽  
Cells Of Cajal

Electrical and mechanical activity of the circular muscle layer in the rectoanal region of the gastrointestinal tract undergoes considerable changes in the site of dominant pacemaking activity, frequency, and waveform shape. The present study was performed to determine whether changes in the structural organization of the circular layer or in the density, distribution, and ultrastructure of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) could account for this heterogeneity in electrical and mechanical activities. Light microscopy revealed that the structural organization of the circular muscle layer underwent dramatic morphological changes, from a tightly packed layer with poorly defined septa in the proximal rectum to one of discrete muscle bundles separated by large septae in the internal anal sphincter. Kit immunohistochemistry revealed a dense network of ICC along the submucosal and myenteric borders in the rectum, whereas in the internal anal sphincter, ICC were located along the periphery of muscle bundles within the circular layer. Changes in electrical activity within the circular muscle layer can be partially explained by changes in the structure of the muscle layer and changes in the distribution of ICC in the rectoanal region of the gastrointestinal tract.

Role of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A136-A137
Author(s):  
K TSAMAKIDES ◽  
E PANOTOPOULOU ◽  
D DIMITROULOPOULOS ◽  
M CHRISTOPOULO ◽  
D XINOPOULOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptic Ulcer ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Peptic Ulcer Disease ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Simplex Virus

Vitamin A: dietologist’s position

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
S. V. Orlova ◽  
E. A. Nikitina ◽  
L. I. Karushina ◽  
Yu. A. Pigaryova ◽  
O. E. Pronina
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Therapeutic Practice ◽  
The Past ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Mucous Membranes

Vitamin A (retinol) is one of the key elements for regulating the immune response and controls the division and differentiation of epithelial cells of the mucous membranes of the bronchopulmonary system, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, eyes, etc. Its significance in the context of the COVID‑19 pandemic is difficult to overestimate. However, a number of studies conducted in the past have associated the additional intake of vitamin A with an increased risk of developing cancer, as a result of which vitamin A was practically excluded from therapeutic practice in developed countries. Our review highlights the role of vitamin A in maintaining human health and the latest data on its effect on the development mechanisms of somatic pathology.

ANTICYTOKINE ACTIVITY OF THE PROTOZOA BLASTOCYSTIS SPP

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
Bugero N.V. ◽  
Ilyina N.A. ◽  
Aleksandrova S.M.
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Cytokine Balance ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Blastocystis Spp ◽  
High Level ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
High Degree

In addition to the classical pathogens, which are well understood and well identified, new pathogens with the potential to spread epidemiologically are being identified. Some of these little-known organisms are the simplest Blastocystis spp. blastocystostosis. The clinical significance of Blastocystis spp. and its pathogenicity are still under discussion. This parasite belongs to a group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms living in the colon of the human intestine. Blastocystis spp. is known to be found both in people with reduced immune status and in individuals without any clinical manifestation. It has been established that a sufficiently high degree of invasiveness is observed in persons with gastrointestinal tract diseases, dermatosis, allergic reactions, in patients with carriers of the human immunodeficiency virus, etc. Possessing persistence factors, protozoa blastocysts contribute to the inactivation of host defensive mechanisms, providing a stable anthogonistic effect. In recent years, many works have been devoted to the characteristics of the persistent properties of Blastocystis spr., however, individual properties of blastocysts, in particular, anticytokine activity (ACA), have not yet been studied. In this regard, the work studied the anticytokine activity of microorganisms isolated from healthy subjects and patients with gastrointestinal tract diseases. A high prevalence of the studied characteristic in the subjects was shown. The expression of anticytokine activity in the obtained isolates of blastocysts was the highest in the group of persons with gastric ulcer disease, which decreased in the order of duodenal ulcer, chronic cholecystitis, chronic gastritis, etc. The data obtained in this work on the high level of ACA expression in blastocyst isolates obtained from individuals with gastrointestinal diseases as compared with the control group enables to conclude that their exometabolites may influence the local cytokine balance [1], which supports the inflammatory process.

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