scholarly journals The Role of Endothelium in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11920
Author(s):  
Mihaela Ionescu ◽  
Anca Pantea Stoian ◽  
Manfredi Rizzo ◽  
Dragos Serban ◽  
Domenico Nuzzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Cardiovascular Comorbidities ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Acute Myocardial Injury ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Obesity Hypertension ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The 2019 novel coronavirus, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is causing a global pandemic. The virus primarily affects the upper and lower respiratory tracts and raises the risk of a variety of non-pulmonary consequences, the most severe and possibly fatal of which are cardiovascular problems. Data show that almost one-third of the patients with a moderate or severe form of COVID-19 had preexisting cardiovascular comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, heart failure, or coronary artery disease. SARS-CoV2 causes hyper inflammation, hypoxia, apoptosis, and a renin–angiotensin system imbalance in a variety of cell types, primarily endothelial cells. Profound endothelial dysfunction associated with COVID-19 can be the cause of impaired organ perfusion that may generate acute myocardial injury, renal failure, and a procoagulant state resulting in thromboembolic events. We discuss the most recent results on the involvement of endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 in patients with cardiometabolic diseases in this review. We also provide insights on treatments that may reduce the severity of this viral infection.

scholarly journals Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Anti-COVID-19 Drugs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongling Liu ◽  
Xiang Zeng ◽  
Zufeng Ding ◽  
Fenghua Lv ◽  
Jawahar L. Mehta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Myocardial Injury ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Cardiovascular Comorbidities ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Acute Myocardial Injury

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or COVID-19 infection is the cause of the ongoing global pandemic. Mortality from COVID-19 infection is particularly high in patients with cardiovascular diseases. In addition, COVID-19 patients with preexisting cardiovascular comorbidities have a higher risk of death. Main cardiovascular complications of COVID-19 are myocardial infarction, myocarditis, acute myocardial injury, arrhythmias, heart failure, stroke, and venous thromboembolism. Therapeutic interventions in terms of drugs for COVID-19 have many cardiac adverse effects. Here, we review the relative therapeutic efficacy and adverse effects of anti-COVID-19 drugs.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2, Endothelial Dysfunction, and the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS): A Potentially Dangerous Triad for the Development of Pre-Eclampsia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
Barbara Illi ◽  
Barbara Vasapollo ◽  
Herbert Valensise ◽  
Pierangela Totta
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Intravascular Coagulopathy ◽  
High Production ◽  
Cardiovascular Cells

SARS-CoV-2 represents the greatest epidemiological, clinical, and social challenge the human being has had to face in this century. SARS-CoV-2 is not merely a respiratory virus, as its target cells range from upper airway respiratory cells to pulmonary cells but also and above all to the cardiovascular cells, such as pericytes and endothelial cells. Indeed, the pathology related to SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, may be defined as a thromboinflammatory syndrome in its most severe form, characterized by sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), which is prevalent in individuals already presenting a chronic level of inflammation (e.g., obese individuals, elderly) and hypertension. Pregnancy is not only an inflammatory-prone condition but is characterized by a consistent rearrangement of the blood circulation and coagulation profile. Cardiac output increases while arterial systolic and diastolic pressure decrease, regardless of the activation of the RAS system. ACE2, the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor into the host cells, which transforms Ang II in Ang 1–7, is highly expressed in endothelial, smooth muscle cells and pericytes of placental villi, regulating blood pressure and fetal development. Pre-eclampsia is a pregnancy disorder characterized by hypertension and low levels of ACE2, endothelial dysfunction, and a high production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resembling COVID-19 manifestations. Whereas pre-eclampsia and COVID-19 have overlapping clinical features, a role for SARS-CoV-2 as a leading cause of pre-eclampsia in COVID-19 positive pregnant women has not been clarified yet. In this mini-review, we will explore the possibility of the existence of such a link, focusing on the role of endothelial dysfunction and RAS in both pre-eclampsia and SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19 pathogenesis.

scholarly journals 554. Clinical Impact of Monoclonal Antibody Therapy with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S379-S380
Author(s):  
Inderjit Mann ◽  
Melinda Monteforte ◽  
Roderick Go
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Antibody Therapy ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Clinical Information ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunocompromised State ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Background The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV2 is the causative agent for COVID-19 responsible for the ongoing global pandemic. The spike protein on its surface binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor helps to enter human cells. Neutralizing antibodies to this protein can be protective and helpful in alleviating symptoms. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been utilized in the U.S. under an emergency use authorization by the FDA, including bamlanivimab (BAM) and casirivimab-imdevimab (CAR/IMD). We report our experience of using COVID mAb. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients that received CAR/IMD or BAM between December 1st, 2020, and May 15th, 2021. Medical records were reviewed to determine demographic and clinical information as well as tolerability and effectiveness of mAb. Results 463 patients with mild to moderate symptoms of SARS-CoV2 received mAb: 355(176 Men) BAM, 108(53 Men) CAR/IMD. The median BMI was 31 (17.4 to 62.5), 85% Caucasian, 4% Asian, 3% African American, 4% Hispanic, 4% others. The average duration of symptoms was 3.4 days and included cough (74%), malaise (71%), Headache (28%), dyspnea (28%), rhinorrhea (25%), fever (20%), diarrhea (18%), and anosmia (14%). Risk factors included hypertension (65%), diabetes mellitus (32%), coronary artery disease (22%), asthma (16%), COPD (9%), CHF (9%), CKD (8%), active malignancy (6%), and immunocompromised state (7%). Those who received BAM were older (p=0.000) and have underlying dementia and congestive heart failure (p=0.025 and 0.034, respectively). 27 patients (2 CAR/IMG, 25 BAM) got admitted to the hospital due to worsening of their respiratory status and were treated for COVID-19. 4 patients in the BAM group and 0 in the CAR/IMD group died. 2 patients developed a mild allergic reaction to CAR/IMD, no other side effects were reported in both groups. 37 patients (19 CAR/IMD, 18 BAM) received mRNA COVID vaccine prior. Overall mortality rate was 0.8%. There was no significant difference between BAM and CAR/IMR in terms of hospitalization (p= 0.104) or mortality (p=0.268). Conclusion Treatment with BAM versus CAR/IMR was well tolerated and resulted in similar outcomes in terms of hospitalization or mortality. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Unveiling SARS-COV-2 associated Organ Specific Cell Types and Corresponding Pathways Connectivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashmita Dey ◽  
Sagnik Sen ◽  
Ujjwal Maulik
Keyword(s):  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Alveolar Type ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Network Clustering ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The novel coronavirus or 2019-nCoV has originated from Wuhan city, China and became pandemic. It is evidenced that Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays a key role in the host cells as a receptor of Spike I Glycoprotein of SARS-COV-2 which causes final infection. ACE2 is highly expressed in Bladder, Ileum, Kidney, and Liver, comparing with ACE2 expression in the Lung specific Pulmonary Alveolar Type 1 cells. In this study, the single-cell RNA-Seq data of the five tissues from different humans are curated and cell-types with the high expressions of ACE2 are identified. Subsequently, the Protein-protein interaction networks have been established. From the network, potential biomarkers which can form functional hubs, are selected based on K-means Network Clustering. It is observed that Angiotensin, PPAR family proteins show important roles in the functional hubs. To understand the functions of the potential markers, corresponding pathways have been researched thoroughly through the pathway semantic networks. Subsequently, the pathways have been ranked according to their influence and dependency in the network using PageRank Algorithm. The outcomes show some important facts in terms of COVID-19 infection. Firstly, Renin-Angiotensin system and PPAR signaling pathway can play vital role for enhancing the infection after its intrusion through ACE2. Next, pathway networks consist of few basic metabolic and influential pathways e.g., Insulin Resistance. This information corroborate the fact that diabetic patients are more vulnerable to COVID-19 infection. Interestingly, the key regulators of the aforementioned pathways are Angiontensin and PPAR family proteins. Hence, Angiotensin and PPAR family proteins can be considered as possible therapeutic targets.

L 059 ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN ELDERLY WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE: INFLUENCE OF THE CHRONIC BLOCKADE OF THE RENIN ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Jose Francisco Kerr Saraiva ◽  
Fernanda Marciano Consolin Colombo ◽  
Antonio Claudio do Amaral Baruzzi ◽  
Eduardo Moacyr Krieger ◽  
Denise Saraiva
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Artery Disease

A Review of Angiotensin Receptor Blocker-based Therapies at all Levels of Cardiovascular Risk

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuliano Tocci ◽  
Lorenzo Castello ◽  
Massimo Volpe ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Angiotensin Ii Receptor ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Receptor Blockers ◽  
Artery Disease

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) has a key role in the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis, and water and electrolyte metabolism in healthy subjects, as well as in several diseases including hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction, coronary artery disease, renal disease and congestive heart failure. These conditions are all characterised by abnormal production and activity of angiotensin II, which represents the final effector of the RAS. Over the last few decades, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that antihypertensive therapy based on angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) has a major role in the selective antagonism of the main pathological activities of angiotensin II. Significant efforts have been made to demonstrate that blocking the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) subtype receptors through ARB-based therapy results in proven benefits in different clinical settings. In this review, we discuss the main benefits of antihypertensive strategies based on ARBs in terms of their efficacy, safety and tolerability.

Coronary Artery Disease and Endothelial Dysfunction: Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 1052-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelos Oikonomou ◽  
Gerasimos Siasos ◽  
Vasiliki Tsigkou ◽  
Evanthia Bletsa ◽  
Maria-Evi Panoilia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Stable Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Cardiovascular Prognosis ◽  
Ultrasound Evaluation ◽  
Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The most common pathophysiologic substrate is atherosclerosis which is an inflammatory procedure that starts at childhood and develops throughout life. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and is characterized by the impaired production of nitric oxide. In general, endothelial dysfunction is linked to poor cardiovascular prognosis and different methods, both invasive and non-invasive, have been developed for its evaluation. Ultrasound evaluation of flow mediated dilatation of the branchial artery is the most commonly used method to assessed endothelial function while intracoronary administration of vasoactive agents may be also be used to test directly endothelial properties of the coronary vasculature. Endothelial dysfunction has also been the subject of therapeutic interventions. This review article summarizes the knowledge about evaluation of endothelial function in acute coronary syndromes and stable coronary artery disease and demonstrates the current therapeutic approaches against endothelial dysfunction.

Synthetic and semi-synthetic drugs as promising therapeutic option for the treatment of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekta Shirbhate ◽  
Preeti Patel ◽  
Vijay K Patel ◽  
Ravichandran Veerasamy ◽  
Prabodh C Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Clinical Experiences ◽  
Synthetic Compounds ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

: The novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), a global pandemic that emerged from Wuhan, China has today travelled all around the world, so far 216 countries or territories with 21,732,472 people infected and 770,866 deaths globally (as per WHO COVID-19 update dated August 18, 2020). Continuous efforts are being made to repurpose the existing drugs and develop vaccines for combating this infection. Despite, to date, no certified antiviral treatment or vaccine prevails. Although, few candidates have displayed their efficacy in in vitro studies and are being repurposed for COVID-19 treatment. This article summarizes synthetic and semi-synthetic compounds displaying potent activity in their clinical experiences or studies against COVID-19 and also focuses on mode of action of drugs being repositioned against COVID-19.

Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: A hypothetical view

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed RG
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cellular Therapy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Maternal Immune System ◽  
Perinatal Management ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: The complications of the SARS-CoV-2 infection and its COVID-19 disease on mothers and their offspring are less known. Objective: The aim of this review was to determine the transmission, severity, complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pregnancy. This review showed the influence of COVID-19 disease on the neonatal neurogenesis. Owing to no specific vaccines or medicines that were reported for the treatment of COVID-19 disease, this review suggested some control strategies like treatments (medicinal plants, antiviral therapy, cellular therapy, and immunotherapy), nutrition uptake, prevention, and recommendations. Discussion: This overview showed in severely states that SARS-CoV-2 infection during the early stage of pregnancy might increase the risk of stress, panic, and anxiety. This disorder can disturb the maternal immune system, and thus causing a neurodevelopmental disturbance. This hypothesis may be depending on the severity and intensity of the SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. However, vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from dams to their fetuses is absent until now. Conclusion: During this global pandemic disease, maintaining safety during pregnancy, vaginal delivery, and breastfeeding may play a vital role in a healthy life for the offspring. Thus, international and national corporations should be continuing for perinatal management, particularly during the next pandemic or disaster time.

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