scholarly journals Progress of Signaling Pathways, Stress Pathways and Epigenetics in the Pathogenesis of Skeletal Fluorosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11932
Author(s):  
Lichun Qiao ◽  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Yujie He ◽  
Jiaheng Zhang ◽  
Hao Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Essential Trace Element ◽  
Skeletal Fluorosis ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Chronic Fluorosis ◽  
High Concentrations

Fluorine is widely dispersed in nature and has multiple physiological functions. Although it is usually regarded as an essential trace element for humans, this view is not held universally. Moreover, chronic fluorosis, mainly characterized by skeletal fluorosis, can be induced by long-term excessive fluoride consumption. High concentrations of fluoride in the environment and drinking water are major causes, and patients with skeletal fluorosis mainly present with symptoms of osteosclerosis, osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and degenerative changes in joint cartilage. Etiologies for skeletal fluorosis have been established, but the specific pathogenesis is inconclusive. Currently, active osteogenesis and accelerated bone turnover are considered critical processes in the progression of skeletal fluorosis. In recent years, researchers have conducted extensive studies in fields of signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, Hedgehog, parathyroid hormone, and insulin signaling pathways), stress pathways (oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways), epigenetics (DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs), and their inter-regulation involved in the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis. In this review, we summarised and analyzed relevant findings to provide a basis for comprehensive understandings of the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis and hopefully propose more effective prevention and therapeutic strategies.

Possibility of distinct insulin-signaling pathways beyond phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mediating glucose transport and lipogenesis

Diabetes ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Stevenson ◽  
D. K. Kreutter ◽  
K. M. Andrews ◽  
P. E. Genereux ◽  
E. M. Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Glucose Transport ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase ◽  
Phosphatidylinositol 3

Anticancer Effects & Comparative Study of Thymoquinone, Cordyceps, Spirulina, Ganoderma Lucidium, Poria Cocos, and Lion’s Mane on Human Nasal Cancer Cells (RPMI-2650)

2020 ◽  
pp. 62-78
Author(s):  
سعيد مزعل موازي ◽  
يحيى فائق حسين ◽  
عبد المنعم دولاني ◽  
سيف يوسف عبدالله السويدي
Keyword(s):  
Term Treatment ◽  
Epithelial Cell Line ◽  
Anticancer Effect ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Poria Cocos ◽  
Nasal Cancer ◽  
Antineoplastic Effect ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
High Concentrations

Recently, many studies have been conducted to discover or improve cancers treatment. The current study aims to investigate the anticancer effect of thymoquinone, cordyceps, spirulina, ganoderma lucidium, poria cocos, and lion’s mane in four different concentrations 4, 8, 16, and 32 ug (equivalent to 1 mg/mL) in two different time treatments (48 and 96 hours) on human nasal epithelial cell line RPMI 2650. By using cell culture cytotoxicity techniques and assay, the highest anticancer effect on RPMI 2650 was obtained by thymoquinone. The lowest anticancer effect was demonstrated by poria cocos and cordyceps. However, these two medications showed higher anticancer effect when given in short-term treatment (48 hours) compared to long-term treatment (96 hours). Ganoderma lucidium and spirulina showed better impact than poria cocos, cordyceps, and lion’s mane in term of cells cytotoxicity. Mild to moderate antineoplastic effect was seen by utilizing lion’s mane treatment compared other drugs. Therefore, adopting a long-term treatment of high concentrations and doses of thymoquinone, cordyceps, spirulina, ganoderma lucidium, poria cocos, and lion’s mane can be more effective in the treatment of nasal cancer. In conclusion, these drugs were found to be a promising cancer remedy; therefore, they can be utilized as alternative treatment for nasal cancer or any other type of cancer therapy.

MALAT1 as a Versatile Regulator of Cancer: Overview of the updates from Predatory role as Competitive Endogenous RNA to Mechanistic In-sights

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammad Ahmad Farooqi ◽  
Evangelia Legaki ◽  
Maria Gazouli ◽  
Silvia Rinaldi ◽  
Rossana Berardi
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Individualized Medicine ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Oncogenic Signaling ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Oncogenic Signaling Pathways ◽  
Competitive Endogenous Rna

: Central dogma of molecular biology has remained cornerstone of classical molecular biology but serendipitous discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in nematodes paradigmatically shifted our current understanding of the intricate mech-anisms which occur during transitions from transcription to translation. Discovery of miRNA captured tremendous attention and appreciation and we had witnessed an explosion in the field of non-coding RNAs. Ground-breaking discoveries in the field of non-coding RNAs have helped in better characterization of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs). There is an ever-increasing list of miRNA targets which are regulated by MALAT1 to stimulate or repress expression of tar-get genes. However, in this review our main focus is to summarize mechanistic insights related to MALAT1-mediated regu-lation of oncogenic signaling pathways. We have discussed how MALAT1 modulated TGF/SMAD and Hippo pathways in various cancers. We have also comprehensively summarized how JAK/STAT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways stimulated MALAT1 expression and consequentially how MALAT1 potentiated these signaling cascades to promote cancer. MALAT1 research has undergone substantial broadening however, there is still a need to identify additional mechanisms. MALAT1 is involved in multi-layered regulation of multiple transduction cascades and detailed analysis of different pathways will be helpful in getting a step closer to individualized medicine.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs and Oxidative Stress: An Intriguing Crosstalk to Be Exploited in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 802
Author(s):  
Teresa Vezza ◽  
Aranzazu M. de Marañón ◽  
Francisco Canet ◽  
Pedro Díaz-Pozo ◽  
Miguel Marti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Dysfunction ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Molecular Crosstalk

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease widespread throughout the world, with significant human, social, and economic costs. Its multifactorial etiology leads to persistent hyperglycemia, impaired carbohydrate and fat metabolism, chronic inflammation, and defects in insulin secretion or insulin action, or both. Emerging evidence reveals that oxidative stress has a critical role in the development of type 2 diabetes. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species can promote an imbalance between the production and neutralization of antioxidant defence systems, thus favoring lipid accumulation, cellular stress, and the activation of cytosolic signaling pathways, and inducing β-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and tissue inflammation. Over the last few years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have attracted growing attention as important mediators of diverse aspects of oxidative stress. These small endogenous non-coding RNAs of 19–24 nucleotides act as negative regulators of gene expression, including the modulation of redox signaling pathways. The present review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge concerning the molecular crosstalk that takes place between oxidative stress and microRNAs in the physiopathology of type 2 diabetes, with a special emphasis on its potential as a therapeutic target.

scholarly journals Immune Check-Point Inhibitors and Standard Chemoradiotherapy in Definitive Head and Neck Cancer Treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
Francesca De Felice ◽  
Daniela Musio ◽  
Vincenzo Tombolini
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Head And Neck Cancer ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Neck Cancer ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Check Point ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Cancer Management ◽  
Check Point Inhibitors

In head and neck cancer management, there is a need for tailored approaches to optimally implement clinical outcomes. Based on the assumption that efficacy and long-term toxicity are not satisfactory for standard concurrent platinum-based chemoradiotherapy, several trials have been designed to test whether induction immunotherapy and/or concomitant immunotherapy and radiotherapy result in improved survival and toxicity outcomes. Here, we present an overview of the most recent concomitant therapeutic strategies for head and neck cancer, focusing on the knowledge available regarding check-point inhibitors. The aim is to present the characteristics of the main check-point inhibitors and to summarize the clinical trials on the combination of immune check-point inhibitors and (chemo)radiotherapy in the definitive HNC setting, in order to provide a useful clinical tool for further research.

Effects of long non-coding RNAs on androgen signaling pathways in genitourinary malignancies

2021 ◽  
Vol 526 ◽  
pp. 111197
Author(s):  
Fabiana Tortora ◽  
George A. Calin ◽  
Amelia Cimmino
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Non Coding Rnas
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