scholarly journals How Do eHMIs Affect Pedestrians’ Crossing Behavior? A Study Using a Head-Mounted Display Combined with a Motion Suit

Information ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Kooijman ◽  
Riender Happee ◽  
Joost de Winter
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Motion Tracking ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Forward Motion ◽  
The Road ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Human Machine Interfaces ◽  
Do So

In future trac, automated vehicles may be equipped with external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) that can communicate with pedestrians. Previous research suggests that, during first encounters, pedestrians regard text-based eHMIs as clearer than light-based eHMIs. However, in much of the previous research, pedestrians were asked to imagine crossing the road, and unable or not allowed to do so. We investigated the effects of eHMIs on participants’ crossing behavior. Twenty-four participants were immersed in a virtual urban environment using a head-mounted display coupled to a motion-tracking suit. We manipulated the approaching vehicles’ behavior (yielding, nonyielding) and eHMI type (None, Text, Front Brake Lights). Participants could cross the road whenever they felt safe enough to do so. The results showed that forward walking velocities, as recorded at the pelvis, were, on average, higher when an eHMI was present compared to no eHMI if the vehicle yielded. In nonyielding conditions, participants showed a slight forward motion and refrained from crossing. An analysis of participants’ thorax angle indicated rotation towards the approaching vehicles and subsequent rotation towards the crossing path. It is concluded that results obtained via a setup in which participants can cross the road are similar to results from survey studies, with eHMIs yielding a higher crossing intention compared to no eHMI. The motion suit allows investigating pedestrian behaviors related to bodily attention and hesitation.

scholarly journals External Human-Machine Interfaces on Automated Vehicles: Effects on Pedestrian Crossing Decisions

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (8) ◽  
pp. 1353-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen de Clercq ◽  
Andre Dietrich ◽  
Juan Pablo Núñez Velasco ◽  
Joost de Winter ◽  
Riender Happee
Keyword(s):  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Urban Road ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Human Machine Interfaces ◽  
Pedestrian Crossing ◽  
Vehicle Size

Objective: In this article, we investigated the effects of external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) on pedestrians’ crossing intentions. Background: Literature suggests that the safety (i.e., not crossing when unsafe) and efficiency (i.e., crossing when safe) of pedestrians’ interactions with automated vehicles could increase if automated vehicles display their intention via an eHMI. Methods: Twenty-eight participants experienced an urban road environment from a pedestrian’s perspective using a head-mounted display. The behavior of approaching vehicles (yielding, nonyielding), vehicle size (small, medium, large), eHMI type (1. baseline without eHMI, 2. front brake lights, 3. Knightrider animation, 4. smiley, 5. text [WALK]), and eHMI timing (early, intermediate, late) were varied. For yielding vehicles, the eHMI changed from a nonyielding to a yielding state, and for nonyielding vehicles, the eHMI remained in its nonyielding state. Participants continuously indicated whether they felt safe to cross using a handheld button, and “feel-safe” percentages were calculated. Results: For yielding vehicles, the feel-safe percentages were higher for the front brake lights, Knightrider, smiley, and text, as compared with baseline. For nonyielding vehicles, the feel-safe percentages were equivalent regardless of the presence or type of eHMI, but larger vehicles yielded lower feel-safe percentages. The Text eHMI appeared to require no learning, contrary to the three other eHMIs. Conclusion: An eHMI increases the efficiency of pedestrian-AV interactions, and a textual display is regarded as the least ambiguous. Application: This research supports the development of automated vehicles that communicate with other road users.

scholarly journals I See Your Gesture: A VR-Based Study of Bidirectional Communication between Pedestrians and Automated Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Michael R. Epke ◽  
Lars Kooijman ◽  
Joost C. F. de Winter
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environment ◽  
Motion Tracking ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Hand Gestures ◽  
Head Mounted Display ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
False Positive Detection ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Use Behavior ◽  
Robot Communication

Automated vehicles (AVs) are able to detect pedestrians reliably but still have difficulty in predicting pedestrians’ intentions from their implicit body language. This study examined the effects of using explicit hand gestures and receptive external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) in the interaction between pedestrians and AVs. Twenty-six participants interacted with AVs in a virtual environment while wearing a head-mounted display. The participants’ movements in the virtual environment were visualized using a motion-tracking suit. The first independent variable was the participants’ opportunity to use a hand gesture to increase the probability that the AV would stop for them. The second independent variable was the AV’s response “I SEE YOU,” displayed on an eHMI when the vehicle yielded. Accordingly, one-way communication (gesture or eHMI) and two-way communication (gesture and eHMI combined) were investigated. The results showed that the participants decided to use hand gestures in 70% of the trials. Furthermore, the eHMI improved the predictability of the AV’s behavior compared to no eHMI, as inferred from self-reports and hand-use behavior. A postexperiment questionnaire indicated that two-way communication was the most preferred condition and that the eHMI alone was more preferred than the gesture alone. The results further indicate limitations of hand gestures regarding false-positive detection and confusion if the AV decides not to yield. It is concluded that bidirectional human-robot communication has considerable potential.

The “Rules of the Road”: Ethics, Firearms, and the Physician's “Lane”

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (S4) ◽  
pp. 142-145
Author(s):  
Blake N. Shultz ◽  
Benjamin Tolchin ◽  
Katherine L. Kraschel
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Patient Autonomy ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Firearm Injury ◽  
Agency Relationship ◽  
The Road ◽  
Firearm Violence ◽  
Patient Agency ◽  
Foundational Principle ◽  
Do So

Physicians play a critical role in preventing and treating firearm injury, although the scope of that role remains contentious and lacks systematic definition. This piece aims to utilize the fundamental principles of medical ethics to present a framework for physician involvement in firearm violence. Physicians' agency relationship with their patients creates ethical obligations grounded on three principles of medical ethics — patient autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. Taken together, they suggest that physicians ought to engage in clinical screening and treatment related to firearm violence. The principle of beneficence also applies more generally, but more weakly, to relations between physicians and society, creating nonobligatory moral ideals. Balanced against physicians' primary obligations to patient agency relationships, general beneficence suggests that physicians may engage in public advocacy to address gun violence, although they are not ethically obligated to do so. A fourth foundational principle — justice — requires that clinicians attempt to ensure that the benefits and burdens of healthcare are distributed fairly.

The Plight of City - The Thinking on Chinese Urban Ecology

2012 ◽  
Vol 598 ◽  
pp. 171-175
Author(s):  
Jia Hua Qi ◽  
Wen Jun Zhang ◽  
Ran Li
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
The Road ◽  
Process Of Urbanization ◽  
Equal Sharing ◽  
Urban Problems ◽  
Technological Means

The rapid development of cities gave severe challenges to urban environment, the problem of how to rebuild the urban environment has never been as pressing as it is. Compared to the traditional urban construction theory, ecology pays more attention to scientific and technological means to make a systematic study and comprehensive improvement of urban problems, to harmonize urban residents and environment. The green natural environment and the distinctive humanism are not only basic factors of urban ecological environment, but also basic indexes to evaluate the quality of the urban ecological environment. Based on the principle, this paper puts forward some ideas, such as the limited resources in cities, equal sharing in resources, development of human potential, so as to solve the environmental dilemma in the process of urbanization, and to take the road of sustainable development.

Construction over organic soils in an urban environment: four case histories

2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-356
Author(s):  
R A Gould ◽  
Philip R Bedell ◽  
J G Muckle
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Case History ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Case Histories ◽  
Flexible Pipe ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
The Road ◽  
Sanitary Sewer ◽  
Unique Method

Four case histories relating to construction over organic soils in an urban environment are reported. Three of the cases can be classified as failures; buildings were unwittingly constructed over organic soils and the subsequent performance of the buildings was unsatisfactory. The presence of peat was recognized in the fourth case, but the design was carried out to accommodate the resulting settlements. Case history 1 deals with a small industrial mall that was founded in fill and was partially located over a peat-filled pocket. The building experienced large differential settlements, and extensive repairs consisting of piled foundations in the affected area were required. Case histories 2 and 3 concern single-family houses that were founded in fill overlying organic soils. Differential settlement caused severe damage to the houses. Repairs were required and consisted of levelling the structures on the original foundations and reducing the loads to minimize future settlements. In addition, a unique method of foundation wall reinforcement was employed in case history 2. Case history 4 documents the performance of a municipal roadway and sanitary sewer constructed over a deposit of organic materials. This sewer was designed with a flexible pipe to float within the fill over the compressible material, with provision being made for future settlement. Settlements of the road surface have been monitored. The information presented should assist the design engineer in mitigating the effects of having compressible, organic subsoils beneath structures.Key words: organic soils, peat, case histories, settlement.

Logic in the twenties: the nature of the quantifier

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren D. Goldfarb
Keyword(s):  
Predicate Logic ◽  
Formal System ◽  
Recent Book ◽  
Modern Logic ◽  
Nineteen Twenties ◽  
Quantification Theory ◽  
Michael Dummett ◽  
The Road ◽  
Semantic Treatment ◽  
Do So

We are often told, correctly, that modern logic originated with Frege. For Frege clearly depicted polyadic predication, negation, the conditional, and the quantifier as the bases of logic; moreover, he introduced the idea of a formal system, and argued that mathematical demonstrations, to be fully precise, must be carried out within a formal language by means of explicitly formulated syntactic rules.Consequently Frege has often been read as providing all the central notions that constitute our current understanding of quantification. For example, in his recent book on Frege [1973], Michael Dummett speaks of ”the semantics which [Frege] introduced for formulas of the language of predicate logic.” That is, “An interpretation of such a formula … is obtained by assigning entities of suitable kinds to the primitive nonlogical constants occurring in the formula … [T]his procedure is exactly the same as the modern semantic treatment of predicate logic” (pp. 89–90). Indeed, “Frege would therefore have had within his grasp the concepts necessary to frame the notion of the completeness of a formalization of logic as well as its soundness … but he did not do so” (p. 82).This common appraisal of Frege's work is, I think, quite misleading. Even given Frege's tremendous achievements, the road to an understanding of quantification theory was an arduous one. Obtaining such understanding and formulating those notions which are now common coin in the discussion of logical systems were the tasks of much of the work in logic during the nineteen-twenties.

Curvature Map-Based Magnetic Guidance for Automated Vehicles in an Urban Environment

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 3541-3552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Zhu ◽  
Ming Yang ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
Bing Wang ◽  
Chunxiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Magnetic Guidance

scholarly journals MUSIC MANAGEMENT- NEW OPPORTUNITIES NEW CHALLENGES

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1SE) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Anjana Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Music Industry ◽  
File Sharing ◽  
New Music ◽  
Music Business ◽  
The Road ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Do So ◽  
Financial Aspect

The transition to digital is changing the music industry. As technology has advanced over recent years, the music industry has consequently undergone a drastic change in the way it operates. This industry-wide shift has its pros and its cons: On one hand, the internet serves as an incredible platform on which anyone can exhibit their talent and potentially build a fan base. On the other hand, the presence of millions of people attempting to do so make it more and more difficult for any one person to stand out, and the reality of file sharing and illegal downloading makes the financial aspect of music much more complex. Regardless of one`s opinion about the road that the music industry has traveled down, a music manager must be flexible enough to keep up with the changes that the industry undergoes. The meaning and role of a “manager” has changed drastically over the last decade as the traditional business model has given way to the “new” music business Traditionally a manager managed an artist’s efforts to get signed to a label and once signed, he/she managed the relationship between the artist and the label. But given the state of labels today the unsigned artist must assume that he/she will never be signed and build a career accordingly. A traditional manager is often unable and ill – equipped to successfully manage and develop an artist’s career in the new environment.

scholarly journals Investigating the Impacts of Road Traffic Conditions and Driver’s Characteristics on Automated Vehicle Takeover Time and Quality Using a Driving Simulator

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jaehyun Jason So ◽  
Sungho Park ◽  
Jonghwa Kim ◽  
Jejin Park ◽  
Ilsoo Yun
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Automated Vehicle ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Vehicle System ◽  
Driver’S Characteristics

This study investigates the impacts of road traffic conditions and driver’s characteristics on the takeover time in automated vehicles using a driving simulator. Automated vehicles are barely expected to maintain their fully automated driving capability at all times based on the current technologies, and the automated vehicle system transfers the vehicle control to a driver when the system can no longer be automatically operated. The takeover time is the duration from when the driver requested the vehicle control transition from the automated vehicle system to when the driver takes full control of the vehicle. This study assumes that the takeover time can vary according to the driver’s characteristics and the road traffic conditions; the assessment is undertaken with various participants having different characteristics in various traffic volume conditions and road geometry conditions. To this end, 25 km of the northbound road section between Osan Interchange and Dongtan Junction on Gyeongbu Expressway in Korea is modeled in the driving simulator; the experiment participants are asked to drive the vehicle and take a response following a certain triggering event in the virtual driving environment. The results showed that the level of service and road curvature do not affect the takeover time itself, but they significantly affect the stabilization time, that is, a duration for a driver to become stable and recover to a normal state. Furthermore, age affected the takeover time, indicating that aged drivers are likely to slowly respond to a certain takeover situation, compared to the younger drivers. With these findings, this study emphasizes the importance of having effective countermeasures and driver interface to monitor drivers in the automated vehicle system; therefore, an early and effective alarm system to alert drivers for the vehicle takeover can secure enough time for stable recovery to manual driving and ultimately to achieve safety during the takeover.

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