Raspberry as a Source for the Development of Drosophila suzukii Attractants: Laboratory and Commercial Polytunnel Trials

Several commercial products and home-made attractants have been developed for monitoring and mass-trapping of the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii. Growers in Mexico have adopted an attractant based on a fermenting mixture of raspberry pulp and sucrose, with anecdotally promising results. We compared the capture rates of traps baited with raspberry pulp + sucrose with captures from a range of alternative attractants. Raspberry pulp alone or with sucrose was more attractive than apple cider vinegar (ACV) or SuzukiiTrap and similar to baker’s yeast + sucrose in laboratory cage studies. Synthetic raspberry aroma (0.1–10% concentration), in water or mixed with ACV, did not improve capture rates in the laboratory. Traps baited with raspberry + sucrose or ACV had similar captures of D. suzukii in raspberry or blackberry polytunnels in Michoacán, Mexico. Raspberry + sucrose baited traps captured significantly higher numbers of other drosophilid species, leading to higher total numbers of captured flies (all species), which may explain why Mexican growers favor the raspberry-based attractant. The commercial products SuzukiiTrap and Z-Kinol had lower captures than ACV in polytunnels, although SuzukiiTrap had the highest selectivity in captures of D. suzukii (81% of flies captured). A two-component trap (2C trap) baited with ACV + ethanol as the drowning solution and raspberry pulp + sucrose or baker’s yeast + sucrose in a ventilated tube device was markedly more effective than the trap currently used by growers. We conclude that raspberry pulp + sucrose is as effective for the attraction of D. suzukii as ACV under commercial polytunnel conditions. The 2C trap performed better than the transparent cup trap currently used by berry producers in Mexico.

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Yeast Species, Strains, and Growth Media Mediate Attraction of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects10080228 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 228 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Rodrigo Lasa ◽

Laura Navarro-de-la-Fuente ◽

Anne C. Gschaedler-Mathis ◽

Manuel R. Kirchmayr ◽

Trevor Williams

Keyword(s):

Yeast Species ◽

Baker’S Yeast ◽

Invasive Pest ◽

Growth Media ◽

Baker's Yeast ◽

Drosophila Suzukii ◽

Corn Syrup ◽

Control Techniques ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Males And Females

Specific ecological interactions between insects and microbes have potential in the development of targeted pest monitoring or control techniques for the spotted wing drosophilid, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), an exotic invasive pest of soft fruit. To evaluate D. suzukii attraction to yeast species from preferred types of fruit, three yeasts were isolated from blackberry fruit and two yeasts from raspberry fruit and used to bait simple plastic bottle traps. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Hanseniaspora uvarum were identified from blackberries, whereas a different H. uvarum strain was identified from raspberry. Yeast identification was based on sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domain of the large subunit 26S rRNA gene. Commercial baker’s yeast (S. cerevisiae) was similar or more effective for the capture of D. suzukii males and females than yeasts isolated from blackberry or raspberry when grown in sucrose. However, when grown in corn syrup, a strain of S. cerevisiae from blackberry captured the highest number of females and a strain of H. uvarum isolated from raspberry captured high numbers of males and females. Species of Candida, Hanseniaspora, and Pichia from a laboratory yeast collection did not outperform baker’s yeast in pairwise tests when grown in sucrose solution or yeast-peptone-dextrose medium. The raspberry strain of H. uvarum grown in corn syrup outperformed S. cerevisiae grown in sucrose, in terms of captures in baited traps under laboratory conditions. We conclude that yeast species, strain, and growth medium can have a marked influence on D. suzukii attraction to baited traps, a finding that could assist in the development of yeast-related monitoring or control techniques targeted at this pest.

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Olfactory Preference of Drosophila suzukii Shifts between Fruit and Fermentation Cues over the Season: Effects of Physiological Status

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects10070200 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 200 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Rik Clymans ◽

Vincent Van Kerckvoorde ◽

Eva Bangels ◽

Wannes Akkermans ◽

Ammar Alhmedi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Physiological Status ◽

Drosophila Suzukii ◽

Apple Cider ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Full Complement ◽

Protein Rich ◽

Trap Catches ◽

Olfactory Behaviour ◽

Preference Experiment

Worldwide monitoring programs of the invasive fruit pest Drosophila suzukii Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), using fermentation baits like apple cider vinegar (ACV), revealed a counterintuitive period of low trap catches during summer, followed by an autumn peak. In this study, we demonstrate that ACV baited traps indeed provide a distorted image of the D. suzukii population dynamics as it is possible to capture higher numbers during this “low capture period” with synthetic lures. It was hypothesised that the preference of D. suzukii populations for fermentation cues like ACV is most pronounced during autumn, winter and spring, while the flies prefer fresh fruit cues during summer and that this seasonal preference is related to the changing physiology of the flies over the season. To test this hypothesis, the preference between fermentation cues (ACV) and host fruits (strawberries) and the effect of physiology (sex, seasonal morphology and feeding, mating and reproductive status) was investigated both in olfactometer laboratory experiments and a year-round field preference experiment. In olfactometer experiments we demonstrated that protein deprived females, virgin females with a full complement of unfertilised eggs and males show a strong preference for fermentation cues while fully fed reproductive summer morph females generally prefer fruit cues. These findings indicate that D. suzukii is attracted to fermentation volatiles in search of (protein-rich) food and to fruit volatiles in search of oviposition substrates. Winter morph and starved females displayed indiscriminating olfactory behaviour. In the field preference experiment, the hypothesised seasonal shift between fermentation and fruit cues was confirmed. This shift appeared to be highly temperature-related and was similarly observed for summer and winter morphs.

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Can exotic drosophilids share the same niche of the invasive Drosophila suzukii?

Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research ◽

10.4081/jear.2019.7861 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

Author(s):

N. Amiresmaeili ◽

C. Jucker ◽

S. Savoldelli ◽

D. Lupi

Keyword(s):

Sex Ratio ◽

Northern Italy ◽

Seasonal Occurrence ◽

Drosophila Suzukii ◽

Zaprionus Indianus ◽

Apple Cider ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Chymomyza Amoena

The presence of the four exotic drosophilids Chymomyza amoena (Loew), Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), Zaprionus indianus (Gupta) and Zaprionus tuberculatus Malloch has been investigated in different orchards in Northern Italy for two consecutive years. The presence and the abundance of the population of the drosophilid flies were surveyed with apple cider vinegar traps, fruit baited traps, and fruit collection. Chymomyza amoena, Z. tuberculatus and D. suzukii have been identified in the Apple Cider Vinegar traps in both years. Only D. suzukii and Z. tuberculatus emerged from fruit baited traps. Except for D. suzukii, no other exotic drosofilid was captured from the fruit collection. Z. indianus was never observed. Analyses of the presence of the different species, seasonal occurrence and sex ratio are provided.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EFFICIENCY OF PHEROMONE-BAITED TRAPS FOR THREE SPECIES OF AMBROSIA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent115303-3 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 115 (3) ◽

pp. 303-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

B. S. Lindgren ◽

J. H. Borden ◽

L. Chong ◽

L. M. Friskie ◽

D. B. Orr

Keyword(s):

Aggregation Pheromone ◽

Release Rate ◽

Mass Trapping ◽

Trypodendron Lineatum ◽

Ambrosia Beetles ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Forest Margin ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Funnel Trap ◽

Better Than

AbstractThe optimal release rate of the aggregation pheromone, lineatin, for trapping Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) was 40 μg/24h. Sticky vane traps were more efficient than three other trap types for T. lineatum and Gnathotrichus retusus (LeConte). For G. sulcatus (LeConte), a multiple funnel trap was more efficient than a sticky cylinder trap but no better than vane traps or Scandinavian drainpipe traps. Placement of bait in the middle or bottom of drainpipe traps increased their efficiency in capturing T. lineatum and G. sulcatus. Multiple funnel traps and drainpipe traps releasing lineatin at 10 μg/24h, with an additional dispenser releasing lineatin at 30 μg/24h 1.5–2 m away from the trap caught more T. lineatum than traps releasing lineatin at 10 μg/24h, and were as efficient as traps releasing the pheromone at 40 μg/24h. Thus, the beetles respond strongly to the trap silhouette once attracted to its vicinity. In late April traps placed 15–25 m inside the forest margin caught more T. lineatum than traps at the margin, probably intercepting overwintering beetles before they left the forest. A few strategically placed vane traps among numerous multiple funnel or drainpipe traps are recommended for mass trapping of ambrosia beetles in timber processing areas.

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First record of Spotted-wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Martín García Island wildlife refuge, Argentina

Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina ◽

10.25085/rsea.800309 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

pp. 53-57

Author(s):

Lautaro E. Bennardo ◽

Lucas E. Kreiman ◽

Luciano M. Gandini ◽

Johnma J. Rondón ◽

Lucía Turdera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Host Plants ◽

First Record ◽

Small Population ◽

Spotted Wing Drosophila ◽

Fruit Crops ◽

Drosophila Suzukii ◽

Wildlife Refuge ◽

Baited Traps ◽

Fruit Orchards ◽

Live Yeast

Here we report on the first peculiar detection of the spotted-winged drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) on Martín García Island, a wildlife refuge located in the Río de la Plata estuary, Argentina. Flies were collected using banana baited traps fermented with live yeast, in sandy areas with abundant presence of cactus in the interior of the island. The absence of cultivated host plants, e.g., fruit crops, and the small population of humans inhabiting the island make the presence of D. suzukii in this wildlife refuge unexpected. Previous detection of this fly in South America happened mostly within commercial fruit orchards and/or neighboring fields.

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Detection of the spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii, in continental sub-Saharan Africa

Journal of Pest Science ◽

10.1007/s10340-021-01330-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 94 (2) ◽

pp. 251-259

Author(s):

Charles A. Kwadha ◽

Louis A. Okwaro ◽

Isabella Kleman ◽

Guillermo Rehermann ◽

Santosh Revadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Asian American ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Spotted Wing Drosophila ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Morphological Identification ◽

Drosophila Suzukii ◽

Apple Cider ◽

High Dispersal ◽

Sub Saharan

AbstractThe spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is an insect pest of soft-skinned fruit, native to Eastern Asia. Since 2008, a world-wide dispersal of D. suzukii is seen, characterized by the establishment of the pest in many Asian, American and European countries. While the potential for invasion of continental Africa by D. suzukii has been predicted, its presence has only been shown for Morocco in Northern Africa. Knowledge about a possible establishment in other parts of the continent is needed as a basis for pest management. In 2019, we carried out a first survey in three counties in Kenya to monitor for the presence of D. suzukii using traps baited with a blend of apple cider vinegar and red wine. A total of 389 D. suzukii flies were captured in a fruit farm at Nakuru county, with more female flies being trapped than males. We confirmed the morphological identification of D. suzukii using DNA barcoding. In 2020, we performed a follow-up survey at 14 locations in six counties to delimit the distribution of D. suzukii in the main berry growing zones in Kenya. The survey indicated that so far D. suzukii is restricted to Nakuru county where it was initially detected. This is the first study to provide empirical evidence of D. suzukii in continental sub-Saharan Africa, confirming that the pest is expanding its geographic range intercontinentally. Given the high dispersal potential of D. suzukii, a concerted effort to develop management strategies is a necessity for containment of the pest.

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Current integrated pest management tactics for the spotted wing Drosophila and their practical implementation in Switzerland

Pesticidi i fitomedicina ◽

10.2298/pif1701033b ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 33-39 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Catherine Baroffio ◽

Mélanie Dorsaz ◽

Fabio Kuonen

Keyword(s):

National Level ◽

Spotted Wing Drosophila ◽

Invasive Pest ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Practical Implementation ◽

Mass Trapping ◽

Drosophila Suzukii ◽

Operative Strategy ◽

Small Fruit ◽

Hygiene Measures

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), the spotted wing Drosophila (SWD) is a concern for small fruit and stone fruit growers. This invasive pest lays eggs in healthy fruits with a serrated ovipositor, resulting in considerable economic losses, mainly in berry crops. In Europe, it was first recorded in Switzerland in 2011, causing considerable damage in all small fruit crops, especially in later-developing crops (autumn raspberries, blackberries, blueberries and elderberries). The pest was found in all regions of the country, from low altitudes to the timberline. The range of host plants is very broad, not only affecting crops, but also wild fruits. Switzerland has implemented a strategy at the national level by combining an effective monitoring system with hygiene measures and mass trapping. Insecticide applications, usually based on spinosyns, are only considered as a last resort. In addition to this already operative strategy, innovative alternatives are considered, in particular the use of repellents or masking substances.

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Agricultural-Grade Apple Cider Vinegar Is Remarkably Attractive to Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophiliadae) in Mexico

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11070448 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 448

Author(s):

Rodrigo Lasa ◽

Saide Aguas-Lanzagorta ◽

Trevor Williams

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Propionic Acid ◽

Red Wine ◽

Low Cost ◽

Field Trials ◽

Spotted Wing Drosophila ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Drosophila Suzukii ◽

Apple Cider ◽

Berry Crops

Due to its availability and low cost, apple cider vinegar (ACV) is a frequently used as an attractant for monitoring the invasive spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii. In laboratory cage experiments, the attraction of ACV alone was compared with ACV in mixtures with different concentrations of acetic acid, propionic acid, different hydrolyzed proteins, synthetic fruit flavors (strawberry, blackberry and apple) and the addition of fruit nectars (grape, pineapple and apple). The addition of 5% apple nectar to ACV significantly increased fly captures, whereas other combinations were similar to or less attractive than ACV alone. Apple flavored vinegar was not attractive to flies. Captures did not vary significantly among the brands of ACV commonly sold in Mexico, except for one poorly-performing brand, but cup traps baited with an agricultural-grade ACV unfit for human consumption captured approximately two-fold more flies than the commercial attractants Suzukii Trap, Suzukii Trap Max Captures or ACV alone in cage experiments. Field trials performed in polytunnels planted with raspberry crops in Mexico resulted in two-fold to ten-fold higher numbers of D. suzukii captured by the agricultural-grade ACV compared to Droskidrink (a mixture of ACV, red wine and sugar), Suzukii Trap, Suzukii Trap Max Captures or edible grade ACV alone. The species selectivity of the agricultural grade ACV was similar to that of other attractants tested. Agricultural-grade ACV also captured higher numbers of female than male flies in field trials. We conclude that the remarkably high attractiveness and low cost of agricultural-grade ACV makes it a useful tool for monitoring D. suzukii populations in berry crops.

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