scholarly journals Fast-Gated 16 × 1 SPAD Array for Non-Line-of-Sight Imaging Applications

Instruments ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Marco Renna ◽  
Ji Hyun Nam ◽  
Mauro Buttafava ◽  
Federica Villa ◽  
Andreas Velten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Single Photon Detector ◽  
Single Photon Counting ◽  
Timing Resolution ◽  
Fast Gating ◽  
Non Line Of Sight

In this paper we present a novel single-photon detector specifically designed for Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLOS) imaging applications within the framework of the DARPA REVEAL program. The instrument is based on a linear 16 × 1 Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) Single-Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) array operated in fast-gated mode by a novel fast-gating Active Quenching Circuit (AQC) array, which enables the detectors with sub-ns transitions thanks to a SPAD-dummy approach. The detector exhibits a timing resolution better than 50 ps (Full Width at Half Maximum - FWHM) at a measurement repetition rate up to 40 MHz, and provides 16 independent outputs compatible with commercial Time-Correlated Single-Photon Counting (TCSPC) instrumentation. The instrument has been experimentally characterized and operated in preliminary NLOS imaging acquisitions where a 40 × 60 cm hidden object is successfully reconstructed by scanning over a grid of 150 × 150 positions.

scholarly journals A Single-Shot Non-Line-of-Sight Range-Finder

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (21) ◽  
pp. 4820 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Brooks ◽  
Daniele Faccio
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Arrival Time ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
Single Photon Counting ◽  
Range Finding ◽  
Finding Method ◽  
Non Line Of Sight

The ability to locate a target around a corner is crucial in situations where it is impractical or unsafe to physically move around the obstruction. However, current techniques are limited to long acquisition times as they rely on single-photon counting for precise arrival time measurements. Here, we demonstrate a single-shot non-line-of-sight range-finding method operating at 10 Hz and capable of detecting a moving human target up to distances of 3 m around a corner. Due to the potential data acquisition speeds, this technique will find applications in search and rescue and autonomous vehicles.

Study of single photon counting for non-line-of-sight vision

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Laurenzis ◽  
Frank Christnacher ◽  
Jonathan Klein ◽  
Matthias B. Hullin ◽  
Andreas Velten
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Single Photon Counting ◽  
Non Line Of Sight

Multiple-return single-photon counting of light in flight and sensing of non-line-of-sight objects at shortwave infrared wavelengths

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (20) ◽  
pp. 4815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Laurenzis ◽  
Jonathan Klein ◽  
Emmanuel Bacher ◽  
Nicolas Metzger
Keyword(s):  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Single Photon Counting ◽  
Infrared Wavelengths ◽  
Shortwave Infrared ◽  
Non Line Of Sight

scholarly journals Single-photon imaging in complementary metal oxide semiconductor processes

2014 ◽  
Vol 372 (2012) ◽  
pp. 20130100 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Charbon
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Single Photon Counting ◽  
Avalanche Diodes ◽  
Trade Offs

This paper describes the basics of single-photon counting in complementary metal oxide semiconductors, through single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs), and the making of miniaturized pixels with photon-counting capability based on SPADs. Some applications, which may take advantage of SPAD image sensors, are outlined, such as fluorescence-based microscopy, three-dimensional time-of-flight imaging and biomedical imaging, to name just a few. The paper focuses on architectures that are best suited to those applications and the trade-offs they generate. In this context, architectures are described that efficiently collect the output of single pixels when designed in large arrays. Off-chip readout circuit requirements are described for a variety of applications in physics, medicine and the life sciences. Owing to the dynamic nature of SPADs, designs featuring a large number of SPADs require careful analysis of the target application for an optimal use of silicon real estate and of limited readout bandwidth. The paper also describes the main trade-offs involved in architecting such chips and the solutions adopted with focus on scalability and miniaturization.

scholarly journals Observing quantum coherence from photons scattered in free-space

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shihan Sajeed ◽  
Thomas Jennewein
Keyword(s):  
Free Space ◽  
Quantum Coherence ◽  
Quantum Communication ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Detector Array ◽  
Line Of Sight ◽  
Background Suppression ◽  
Single Photon Detector ◽  
High Background ◽  
Non Line Of Sight

AbstractQuantum channels in free-space, an essential prerequisite for fundamental tests of quantum mechanics and quantum technologies in open space, have so far been based on direct line-of-sight because the predominant approaches for photon-encoding, including polarization and spatial modes, are not compatible with randomly scattered photons. Here we demonstrate a novel approach to transfer and recover quantum coherence from scattered, non-line-of-sight photons analyzed in a multimode and imaging interferometer for time-bins, combined with photon detection based on a 8 × 8 single-photon-detector-array. The observed time-bin visibility for scattered photons remained at a high 95% over a wide scattering angle range of −450 to +450, while the individual pixels in the detector array resolve or track an image in its field of view of ca. 0.5°. Using our method, we demonstrate the viability of two novel applications. Firstly, using scattered photons as an indirect channel for quantum communication thereby enabling non-line-of-sight quantum communication with background suppression, and secondly, using the combined arrival time and quantum coherence to enhance the contrast of low-light imaging and laser ranging under high background light. We believe our method will instigate new lines for research and development on applying photon coherence from scattered signals to quantum sensing, imaging, and communication in free-space environments.

scholarly journals High Dynamic Range Imaging with TDC-Based CMOS SPAD Arrays

Instruments ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Zarghami ◽  
Leonardo Gasparini ◽  
Matteo Perenzoni ◽  
Lucio Pancheri
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
High Dynamic Range ◽  
Oxide Semiconductor ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
High Dynamic

This paper investigates the use of image sensors based on complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) in high dynamic range (HDR) imaging by combining photon counts and timestamps. The proposed method is validated experimentally with an SPAD detector based on a per-pixel time-to-digital converter (TDC) architecture. The detector, featuring 32 × 32 pixels with 44.64-µm pitch, 19.48% fill factor, and time-resolving capability of ~295-ps, was fabricated in a 150-nm CMOS standard technology. At high photon flux densities, the pixel output is saturated when operating in photon-counting mode, thus limiting the DR of this imager. This limitation can be overcome by exploiting the distribution of photon arrival times in each pixel, which shows an exponential behavior with a decay rate dependent on the photon flux level. By fitting the histogram curve with the exponential decay function, the extracted time constant is used to estimate the photon count. This approach achieves 138.7-dB dynamic range within 30-ms of integration time, and can be further extended by using a timestamping mechanism with a higher resolution.

Singlet oxygen phosphorescence imaging by superconducting single-photon detector and time-correlated single-photon counting: publisher’s note

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1582
Author(s):  
Pavel Morozov ◽  
Maria Lukina ◽  
Marina Shirmanova ◽  
Alexander Divochiy ◽  
Varvara Dudenkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Singlet Oxygen ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Photon Detector ◽  
Single Photon Detector ◽  
Single Photon Counting

Singlet oxygen phosphorescence imaging by superconducting single photon detector and time-correlated single photon counting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Morozov ◽  
Maria Lukina ◽  
Marina Shirmanova ◽  
Alexander Divochiy ◽  
Gregory Goltsman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Singlet Oxygen ◽  
Single Photon ◽  
Photon Counting ◽  
Photon Detector ◽  
Single Photon Detector ◽  
Single Photon Counting
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