scholarly journals Blood Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease in Down Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 3639
Author(s):  
Laia Montoliu-Gaya ◽  
Andre Strydom ◽  
Kaj Blennow ◽  
Henrik Zetterberg ◽  
Nicholas James Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Blood Biomarkers ◽  
Neurofilament Light Chain ◽  
Neurofilament Light ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Diagnosis Of Dementia

Epidemiological evidence suggests that by the age of 40 years, all individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology. Clinical diagnosis of dementia by cognitive assessment is complex in these patients due to the pre-existing and varying intellectual disability, which may mask subtle declines in cognitive functioning. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and positron emission tomography (PET) biomarkers, although accurate, are expensive, invasive, and particularly challenging in such a vulnerable population. The advances in ultra-sensitive detection methods have highlighted blood biomarkers as a valuable and realistic tool for AD diagnosis. Studies with DS patients have proven the potential blood-based biomarkers for sporadic AD (amyloid-β, tau, phosphorylated tau, and neurofilament light chain) to be useful in this population. In addition, biomarkers related to other pathologies that could aggravate dementia progression—such as inflammatory dysregulation, energetic imbalance, or oxidative stress—have been explored. This review serves to provide a brief overview of the main findings from the limited neuroimaging and CSF studies, outline the current state of blood biomarkers to diagnose AD in patients with DS, discuss possible past limitations of the research, and suggest considerations for developing and validating blood-based biomarkers in the future.

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Exploration of Plasma Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease in Down Syndrome: Early Data from the Longitudinal Investigation for Enhancing Down Syndrome Research (LIFE-DSR) Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1907
Author(s):  
James A. Hendrix ◽  
David C. Airey ◽  
Angela Britton ◽  
Anna D. Burke ◽  
George T. Capone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Neurofilament Light Chain ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Neurofilament Light ◽  
Plasma Biomarkers ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Biomarker Data

With improved healthcare, the Down syndrome (DS) population is both growing and aging rapidly. However, with longevity comes a very high risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The LIFE-DSR study (NCT04149197) is a longitudinal natural history study recruiting 270 adults with DS over the age of 25. The study is designed to characterize trajectories of change in DS-associated AD (DS-AD). The current study reports its cross-sectional analysis of the first 90 subjects enrolled. Plasma biomarkers phosphorylated tau protein (p-tau), neurofilament light chain (NfL), amyloid β peptides (Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were undertaken with previously published methods. The clinical data from the baseline visit include demographics as well as the cognitive measures under the Severe Impairment Battery (SIB) and Down Syndrome Mental Status Examination (DS-MSE). Biomarker distributions are described with strong statistical associations observed with participant age. The biomarker data contributes to understanding DS-AD across the spectrum of disease. Collectively, the biomarker data show evidence of DS-AD progression beginning at approximately 40 years of age. Exploring these data across the full LIFE-DSR longitudinal study population will be an important resource in understanding the onset, progression, and clinical profiles of DS-AD pathophysiology.

scholarly journals Untangling the association of amyloid-β and tau with synaptic and axonal loss in Alzheimer’s disease

Brain ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana B Pereira ◽  
Shorena Janelidze ◽  
Rik Ossenkoppele ◽  
Hlin Kvartsberg ◽  
Ann Brinkmalm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Tau Pathology ◽  
Neurofilament Light Chain ◽  
Neurofilament Light

Abstract It is currently unclear how amyloid-β and tau deposition are linked to changes in synaptic function and axonal structure over the course of Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we assessed these relationships by measuring presynaptic (synaptosomal-associated protein 25, SNAP25; growth-associated protein 43, GAP43), postsynaptic (neurogranin, NRGN) and axonal (neurofilament light chain) markers in the CSF of individuals with varying levels of amyloid-β and tau pathology based on 18F-flutemetamol PET and 18F-flortaucipir PET. In addition, we explored the relationships between synaptic and axonal markers with cognition as well as functional and anatomical brain connectivity markers derived from resting-state functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging. We found that the presynaptic and postsynaptic markers SNAP25, GAP43 and NRGN are elevated in early Alzheimer’s disease i.e. in amyloid-β-positive individuals without evidence of tau pathology. These markers were associated with greater amyloid-β pathology, worse memory and functional changes in the default mode network. In contrast, neurofilament light chain was abnormal in later disease stages, i.e. in individuals with both amyloid-β and tau pathology, and correlated with more tau and worse global cognition. Altogether, these findings support the hypothesis that amyloid-β and tau might have differential downstream effects on synaptic and axonal function in a stage-dependent manner, with amyloid-related synaptic changes occurring first, followed by tau-related axonal degeneration.

scholarly journals Plasma tau, neurofilament light chain and amyloid-β levels and risk of dementia; a population-based cohort study

Brain ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 1220-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank de Wolf ◽  
Mohsen Ghanbari ◽  
Silvan Licher ◽  
Kevin McRae-McKee ◽  
Luuk Gras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Neurofilament Light Chain ◽  
Neurofilament Light ◽  
Total Tau ◽  
Quartile Group ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease Dementia

Abstract CSF biomarkers, including total-tau, neurofilament light chain (NfL) and amyloid-β, are increasingly being used to define and stage Alzheimer’s disease. These biomarkers can be measured more quickly and less invasively in plasma and may provide important information for early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. We used stored plasma samples and clinical data obtained from 4444 non-demented participants in the Rotterdam study at baseline (between 2002 and 2005) and during follow-up until January 2016. Plasma concentrations of total-tau, NfL, amyloid-β40 and amyloid-β42 were measured using the Simoa NF-light® and N3PA assays. Associations between biomarker plasma levels and incident all-cause and Alzheimer’s disease dementia during follow-up were assessed using Cox proportional-hazard regression models adjusted for age, sex, education, cardiovascular risk factors and APOE ε4 status. Moreover, biomarker plasma levels and rates of change over time of participants who developed Alzheimer’s disease dementia during follow-up were compared with age and sex-matched dementia-free control subjects. During up to 14 years follow-up, 549 participants developed dementia, including 374 cases with Alzheimer’s disease dementia. A log2 higher baseline amyloid-β42 plasma level was associated with a lower risk of developing all-cause or Alzheimer’s disease dementia, adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.61 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.47–0.78; P < 0.0001] and 0.59 (95% CI, 0.43–0.79; P = 0.0006), respectively. Conversely, a log2 higher baseline plasma NfL level was associated with a higher risk of all-cause dementia [adjusted HR 1.59 (95% CI, 1.38–1.83); P < 0.0001] or Alzheimer’s disease [adjusted HR 1.50 (95% CI, 1.26–1.78); P < 0.0001]. Combining the lowest quartile group of amyloid-β42 with the highest of NfL resulted in a stronger association with all-cause dementia [adjusted HR 9.5 (95% CI, 2.3–40.4); P < 0.002] and with Alzheimer’s disease [adjusted HR 15.7 (95% CI, 2.1–117.4); P < 0.0001], compared to the highest quartile group of amyloid-β42 and lowest of NfL. Total-tau and amyloid-β40 levels were not associated with all-cause or Alzheimer’s disease dementia risk. Trajectory analyses of biomarkers revealed that mean NfL plasma levels increased 3.4 times faster in participants who developed Alzheimer’s disease compared to those who remained dementia-free (P < 0.0001), plasma values for cases diverged from controls 9.6 years before Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis. Amyloid-β42 levels began to decrease in Alzheimer’s disease cases a few years before diagnosis, although the decline did not reach significance compared to dementia-free participants. In conclusion, our study shows that low amyloid-β42 and high NfL plasma levels are each independently and in combination strongly associated with risk of all-cause and Alzheimer’s disease dementia. These data indicate that plasma NfL and amyloid-β42 levels can be used to assess the risk of developing dementia in a non-demented population. Plasma NfL levels, although not specific, may also be useful in monitoring progression of Alzheimer’s disease dementia.

scholarly journals Performance of Plasma Amyloid β, Total Tau and Neurofilament Light Chain Levels for Alzheimer’s Disease Identification

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Jiao ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Lina Guo ◽  
Xinxin Liao ◽  
Yafang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Amyloid Pet ◽  
Neurofilament Light Chain ◽  
Neurofilament Light ◽  
Plasma Biomarkers ◽  
Total Tau ◽  
T Tau

Abstract BackgroundRobust studies have focused on blood-based biomarkers for diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), while the results were still controversary and failed verified in different cohorts. The aim of this study was to detect the levels of plasma amyloid β (Aβ), total tau (t-tau), and neurofilament light chain (NfL) in patients with AD and cognitive normal (CN) subjects, and clarify their associations with Aβ, t-tau, and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as well as brain amyloid PET, and calculate the diagnostic efficiency of these characteristics regarding AD.Methods Plasma Aβ42, Aβ40, t-tau and NfL levels were detected by single-molecule array (Simoa) in 379 AD patients and 153 CN subjects. Additionally, lumbar puncture was conducted in 125 AD patients to detect Aβ42, Aβ40, t-tau, and p-tau levels. Brain amyloid PET was performed in 52 AD patients to identify brain amyloid deposition levels. Correlation analysis were performed between plasma biomarkers and typical biomarkers of AD, including CSF core biomarkers and amyloid PET burden. Finally, the diagnostic value of plasma biomarkers was further assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.ResultsCompared with the CN group, plasma Aβ42 and Aβ42/Aβ40 levels were significantly lower in AD patients, while Aβ40, t-tau and NfL levels were higher in AD patients. Among the AD patients, plasma Aβ42 was positively correlated with CSF Aβ42 (r = 0.195, p = 0.03) and Aβ42/Aβ40 (r = 0.208, p = 0.04). Moreover, plasma NfL was positively correlated with age, disease course and severity. The diagnostic model with combined plasma Aβ42, t-tau, and NfL levels controlled for age and APOE genotype showed the best performance to identify AD (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.88, sensitivity = 82.84%, specificity = 81.69%, cutoff value = 0.64).ConclusionsTrends revealed by core biomarkers were generally consistent in AD patients’ plasma and CSF. Combining plasma biomarkers can provide comparatively high AD diagnostic performance.

Predictive Accuracy of Blood-Derived Biomarkers for Amyloid-β Brain Deposition Along with the Alzheimer’s Disease Continuum: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Alessandra Cianflone ◽  
Luigi Coppola ◽  
Peppino Mirabelli ◽  
Marco Salvatore
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Blood Biomarkers ◽  
Prognostic Accuracy ◽  
Positron Emission

Background: An amyloid-β (Aβ) positron emission tomography (Aβ-PET) scan of the human brain could lead to an early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and estimate disease progression. However, Aβ-PET imaging is expensive, invasive, and rarely applicable to cognitively normal subjects at risk for dementia. The identification of blood biomarkers predictive of Aβ brain deposition could help the identification of subjects at risk for dementia and could be helpful for the prognosis of AD progression. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the prognostic accuracy of blood biomarkers in predicting Aβ-PET status along with progression toward AD. Methods: In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched bibliographic databases from 2010 to 2020. The quality of the included studies was assessed by the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) tool. Results: A total of 8 studies were retrieved. The prognostic accuracy of Aβ-PET status was calculated by obtaining ROCs for the following biomarkers: free, total, and bound Aβ 42 and Aβ 40; Aβ 42/40 ratio; neurofilaments (NFL); total tau (T-tau); and phosphorylated-Tau181 (P-tau181). Higher and lower plasma baseline levels of P-tau181 and the Aβ 42/40 ratio, respectively, showed consistently good prognostication of Aβ-PET brain accumulation. Only P-tau181 was shown to predict AD progression. Conclusion: In conclusion, the Aβ 42/40 ratio and plasma P-tau181 were shown to predict Aβ-PET status. Plasma P-tau181 could also be a preclinical biomarker for AD progression.

scholarly journals Cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers in the diagnostic assays of Alzheimer’s disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liding Zhang ◽  
Xiaohan Liang ◽  
Zhihong Zhang ◽  
Haiming Luo
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Neurofilament Light ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Multiple Biomarkers

The anti-amyloid-[Formula: see text] (anti-A[Formula: see text]) fibrils and soluble oligomers antibody aducanumab were approved to effectively slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) at higher doses in 2019, reaffirming the therapeutic effects of targeting the core pathology of AD. A timely and accurate diagnosis in the prodromal or pre-dementia stage of AD is essential for patient recruitment, stratification, and monitoring of treatment effects. AD core biomarkers amyloid-[Formula: see text] (A[Formula: see text]), total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) have been clinically validated to reflect AD-type pathological changes through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) measurement or positron-emission tomography (PET) and found to have high diagnostic performance for AD identification in the stage of mild cognitive impairment. The development of ultrasensitive immunoassay technology enables AD pathological proteins such as tau and neurofilament light (NFL) to be measured in blood samples. However, combined biomarker detection or targeting multiple biomarkers in immunoassays will increase detection sensitivity and specificity and improve diagnostic accuracy. This review summarizes and analyzes the performance of current detection methods for early diagnosis of AD, and provides a concept of detection method based on multiple biomarkers instead of a single target, which may become a potential tool for early diagnosis of AD in the future.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease: Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Eun Park ◽  
Tamil Iniyan Gunasekaran ◽  
Yeong Hee Cho ◽  
Seong-Min Choi ◽  
Min-Kyung Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Neurofilament Light Chain ◽  
Neurofilament Light ◽  
Preclinical Ad ◽  
T Tau

Abstract Background: Potential biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) include amyloid β 1-42 (Aβ 1-42 ), t-Tau, p-Tau 181 , neurofilament light chain (NFL), and neuroimaging, but the feasibility of using these for the diagnosis and monitoring of AD has not been reported. Therefore, further development of these biomarkers is essential. Methods: We measured NFL and Aβ 1-42 concentrations in CSF and plasma samples from 136 participants and performed correlation analysis to evaluate the utility of these biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression in AD spectrum. Results: With disease progression, concentrations of NFL increased, and those of Aβ 1-42 were decreases. The plasma and CSF values of NFL/Aβ 1-42 were strongly correlated ( r = 0.558). In addition, the plasma value of NFL/Aβ 1-42 was strong correlated with hippocampal volume/ICV ( r = 0.409). In the early stage of AD, the plasma_NFL/Aβ 1-42 was associated with higher diagnostic accuracy than were the individual biomarkers. Moreover, in preclinical AD, plasma_NFL/Aβ 1-42 changed more rapidly than did either the t-Tau or the p-Tau 181 values measured in the CSF. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings highlight the utility of plasma_NFL/Aβ 1-42 as a biomarker for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression in AD spectrum.

scholarly journals Performance of Plasma Amyloid β, Total Tau, and Neurofilament Light Chain in the Identification of Probable Alzheimer's Disease in South China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Jiao ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Lina Guo ◽  
Xinxin Liao ◽  
Yafang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Neurofilament Light Chain ◽  
Neurofilament Light ◽  
Plasma Biomarkers ◽  
Total Tau ◽  
T Tau

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and has no effective treatment to date. It is essential to develop a minimally invasive blood-based biomarker as a tool for screening the general population, but the efficacy remains controversial. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the ability of plasma biomarkers, including amyloid β (Aβ), total tau (t-tau), and neurofilament light chain (NfL), to detect probable AD in the South Chinese population.Methods: A total of 277 patients with a clinical diagnosis of probable AD and 153 healthy controls with normal cognitive function (CN) were enrolled in this study. The levels of plasma Aβ42, Aβ40, t-tau, and NfL were detected using ultra-sensitive immune-based assays (SIMOA). Lumbar puncture was conducted in 89 patients with AD to detect Aβ42, Aβ40, t-tau, and phosphorylated (p)-tau levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and to evaluate the consistency between plasma and CSF biomarkers through correlation analysis. Finally, the diagnostic value of plasma biomarkers was further assessed by constructing a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results: After adjusting for age, sex, and the apolipoprotein E (APOE) alleles, compared to the CN group, the plasma t-tau, and NfL were significantly increased in the AD group (p < 0.01, Bonferroni correction). Correlation analysis showed that only the plasma t-tau level was positively correlated with the CSF t-tau levels (r = 0.319, p = 0.003). The diagnostic model combining plasma t-tau and NfL levels, and age, sex, and APOE alleles, showed the best performance for the identification of probable AD [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.89, sensitivity = 82.31%, specificity = 83.66%].Conclusion: Blood biomarkers can effectively distinguish patients with probable AD from controls and may be a non-invasive and efficient method for AD pre-screening.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease: Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Eun Park ◽  
Tamil Iniyan Gunasekaran ◽  
Yeong Hee Cho ◽  
Seong-Min Choi ◽  
Min-Kyung Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Neurofilament Light Chain ◽  
Neurofilament Light ◽  
Preclinical Ad ◽  
T Tau

Abstract Background: Potential biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) include amyloid β1-42 (Aβ1-42), t-Tau, p-Tau 181 , neurofilament light chain (NFL), and neuroimaging, but the feasibility of using these for the diagnosis and monitoring of AD has not been reported. Therefore, further development of these biomarkers is essential.Methods: We measured NFL and Aβ1-42 concentrations in CSF and plasma samples from 136 participants and performed correlation analysis to evaluate the utility of these biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression in AD spectrum.Results: With disease progression, concentrations of NFL increased, and those of Aβ1-42 were decreases. The plasma and CSF values of NFL/Aβ1-42 were strongly correlated (r = 0.558). In addition, the plasma value of NFL/Aβ1-42 was strong correlated with hippocampal volume/ICV ( r = 0.409). In the early stage of AD, the plasma_NFL/Aβ1-42 was associated with higher diagnostic accuracy than were the individual biomarkers. Moreover, in preclinical AD, plasma_NFL/Aβ1-42 changed more rapidly than did either the t-Tau or the p-Tau181 values measured in the CSF.Conclusions: Taken together, our findings highlight the utility of plasma_NFL/Aβ1-42 as a biomarker for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression in AD spectrum.

scholarly journals Moving fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease from research tools to routine clinical diagnostics

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Zetterberg ◽  
Kaj Blennow
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Csf Biomarkers ◽  
Neurofilament Light ◽  
Positron Emission

AbstractFour fluid-based biomarkers have been developed into diagnostic tests for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology: the ratio of 42 to 40 amino acid-long amyloid β, a marker of plaque pathology; total-tau and phosphorylated tau, markers of AD-related changes in tau metabolism and secretion; and neurofilament light, a marker of neurodegeneration. When measured in cerebrospinal fluid, these biomarkers can be used in clinical practice to support a diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia due to AD. Recently, technological breakthroughs have made it possible to measure them in standard blood samples as well. Here, we give an updated account of the current state of the fluid-based AD biomarker research field. We discuss how the new blood tests may be used in research and clinical practice, and what role they may play in relation to more established diagnostic tests, such as CSF biomarkers and amyloid and tau positron emission tomography, to facilitate the effective implementation of future disease-modifying therapies.

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