scholarly journals Trends in Vessel Atmospheric Emissions in the Central Mediterranean over the Last 10 Years and during the COVID-19 Outbreak

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 762
Author(s):  
Martin Saliba ◽  
Francelle Azzopardi ◽  
Rebecca Muscat ◽  
Marvic Grima ◽  
Alexander Smyth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Active Volcano ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Traffic Emission ◽  
Ship Traffic ◽  
Gas Measurements

Giordan Lighthouse, located on the island of Gozo in the Malta-Sicily Channel within the central Mediterranean region, is ideally located to study the primary sources of atmospheric pollution. A total of 10 years of data have been accumulated from the reactive gas and greenhouse gas detectors and the aerosol analyzers found at this Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) regional station. The data has been evaluated, resulting in trends in emissions from shipping recorded within the same region coming to the fore. The other source of emissions that was evident within the recorded data originated from Mt. Etna, located on the island of Sicily and representing the highest active volcano in Europe. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of ship emissions on trace gases and aerosol background measurements at Giordan Lighthouse, including the putative influence of COVID-19 on the same emissions. The model used to evaluate ship emissions was the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM). From trace gas measurements at Giordan Lighthouse, a slowly decreasing trend in sulfur oxide (SOx) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions was noted. To better understand the air quality results obtained, the STEAM model was fed, as an input, an Automatic Identification System (AIS) dataset to describe the vessel activity in the area concerned. This study also investigates the effects of the COVID19 pandemic on marine traffic patterns within the area and any corresponding changes in the air quality. Such an analysis was carried out through the use of SENTINEL 5 data.

scholarly journals Inland port vessel emissions inventory based on Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model–Automatic Identification System

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 168781401771287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Jian Gu ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Yiqiang Peng ◽  
Xiaojing Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Model ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Ship Emissions ◽  
Traffic Emission ◽  
Automatic Identification System ◽  
Ship Traffic ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Ship Emission

The designation of ship emission control areas in China evidenced increased attention to ship emissions. Ships calling ports along inland waterways are of particular concern as their emissions exacerbate air pollution in nearby cities. Adapting the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model to the local context, this study combines data from Automatic Identification System, vessel profile database, and field investigation results to build a “bottom-up” activity-based inventory of ship emissions. The Nanjing Longtan Container Port was taken as a case study. Results show that total ship emissions for PM10, PM2.5, NOx, SOx, CO, HC, and CO2 in 2014 are 3.45, 2.76, 196.00, 2.90, 20.62, 8.13, and 12,554.29 t, respectively. Accordingly, ship emission reduction measures were proposed based on the analysis of emission characteristics. The methods and conclusions of the study provide a scientific basis for the inventory and control of the ship emissions in China.

scholarly journals The evolution of shipping emissions and the costs of regulation changes in the northern EU area

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 11375-11389 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Johansson ◽  
J.-P. Jalkanen ◽  
J. Kalli ◽  
J. Kukkonen
Keyword(s):  
Relative Increase ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Traffic Emission ◽  
Ship Traffic ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Fuel Costs ◽  
Pm2.5 Emissions

Abstract. An extensive inventory of marine exhaust emissions is presented in the northern European emission control area (ECA) in 2009 and 2011. The emissions of SOx, NOx, CO2, CO and PM2.5 were evaluated using the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM). We have combined the information on individual vessel characteristics and position reports generated by the automatic identification system (AIS). The emission limitations from 2009 to 2011 have had a significant impact on reducing the emissions of both SOx and PM2.5. The predicted emissions of SOx originated from IMO (International Maritime Organization)-registered marine traffic have been reduced by 29%, from 320 kt to 231 kt, in the ECA from 2009 to 2011. The corresponding predicted reduction of PM2.5 emissions was 17%, from 72 kt to 61 kt. The highest CO2 and PM2.5 emissions in 2011 were located in the vicinity of the coast of the Netherlands, in the English Channel, near the south-eastern UK and along the busiest shipping lines in the Danish Straits and the Baltic Sea. The changes of emissions and the financial costs caused by various regulative actions since 2005 were also evaluated, based on the increased direct fuel costs. We also simulated the effects and direct costs associated with the forthcoming switch to low-sulfur distillate fuels in 2015. According to the projections for the future, there will be a reduction of 87% in SOx emissions and a reduction of 48% in PM2.5 emissions in 2015, compared with the corresponding shipping emissions in 2011 in the ECA. The corresponding relative increase in fuel costs for all IMO-registered shipping varied between 13% and 69%, depending on the development of the prices of fuels and the use of the sulfur scrubber equipment.

scholarly journals A comprehensive inventory of ship traffic exhaust emissions in the European sea areas in 2011

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 7459-7491 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-P. Jalkanen ◽  
L. Johansson ◽  
J. Kukkonen
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Model ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Traffic Emission ◽  
Ship Traffic ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
System Data ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract. Emissions originated from ship traffic in European sea areas were modelled using the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM), which uses Automatic Identification System data to describe ship traffic activity. We have estimated the emissions from ship traffic in the whole of Europe in 2011. We report the emission totals, the seasonal variation, the geographical distribution of emissions, and their disaggregation between various ship types and flag states. The total ship emissions of CO2, NOx, SOx, CO and PM2.5 in Europe for year 2011 were estimated to be 131, 2.9, 1.2, 0.2 and 0.3 million tons, respectively. The emissions of CO2 from Baltic Sea were evaluated to be more than a half (58%) of the emissions of the North Sea shipping; the combined contribution of these two sea regions was almost as high (96%) as the total emissions from ships in the Mediterranean. As expected, the shipping emissions of SOx were significantly lower in the SOx Emission Control Areas, compared with the corresponding values in the Mediterranean. Shipping in the Mediterranean Sea is responsible for 39 and 49% of the European ship emitted CO2 and SOx emissions, respectively. In particular, this study reported significantly smaller emissions of NOx, SOx and CO for shipping in the Mediterranean than the EMEP inventory; however, the reported PM2.5 emissions were in a fairly good agreement with the corresponding values reported by EMEP. The vessels registered to all EU member states are responsible for 55% of the total CO2 emitted by ships in the study area. The vessels under the flags of convenience were responsible for 25% of the total CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals A comprehensive inventory of ship traffic exhaust emissions in the European sea areas in 2011

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-P. Jalkanen ◽  
L. Johansson ◽  
J. Kukkonen
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Model ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Traffic Emission ◽  
Ship Traffic ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The North ◽  
System Data ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. Emissions originating from ship traffic in European sea areas were modelled using the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM), which uses Automatic Identification System data to describe ship traffic activity. We have estimated the emissions from ship traffic in the whole of Europe in 2011. We report the emission totals, the seasonal variation, the geographical distribution of emissions, and their disaggregation between various ship types and flag states. The total ship emissions of CO2, NOx, SOx, CO, and PM2.5 in Europe for year 2011 were estimated to be 121, 3.0, 1.2, 0.2, and 0.2 million tons, respectively. The emissions of CO2 from the Baltic Sea were evaluated to be more than a half (55 %) of the emissions of the North Sea shipping; the combined contribution of these two sea regions was almost as high (88 %) as the total emissions from ships in the Mediterranean. As expected, the shipping emissions of SOx were significantly lower in the SOx Emission Control Areas, compared with the corresponding values in the Mediterranean. Shipping in the Mediterranean Sea is responsible for 40 and 49 % of the European ship emitted CO2 and SOx emissions, respectively. In particular, this study reported significantly smaller emissions of NOx, SOx, and CO for shipping in the Mediterranean than the EMEP inventory; however, the reported PM2.5 emissions were in a fairly good agreement with the corresponding values reported by EMEP. The vessels registered to all EU member states are responsible for 55 % of the total CO2 emitted by ships in the study area. The vessels under the flags of convenience were responsible for 25 % of the total CO2 emissions.

scholarly journals Extension of an assessment model of ship traffic exhaust emissions for particulate matter and carbon monoxide

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 2641-2659 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-P. Jalkanen ◽  
L. Johansson ◽  
J. Kukkonen ◽  
A. Brink ◽  
J. Kalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Engine Load ◽  
Ship Traffic

Abstract. A method is presented for the evaluation of the exhaust emissions of marine traffic, based on the messages provided by the Automatic Identification System (AIS), which enable the positioning of ship emissions with a high spatial resolution (typically a few tens of metres). The model also takes into account the detailed technical data of each individual vessel. The previously developed model was applicable for evaluating the emissions of NOx, SOx and CO2. This paper addresses a substantial extension of the modelling system, to allow also for the mass-based emissions of particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO). The presented Ship Traffic Emissions Assessment Model (STEAM2) allows for the influences of accurate travel routes and ship speed, engine load, fuel sulphur content, multiengine setups, abatement methods and waves. We address in particular the modeling of the influence on the emissions of both engine load and the sulphur content of the fuel. The presented methodology can be used to evaluate the total PM emissions, and those of organic carbon, elemental carbon, ash and hydrated sulphate. We have evaluated the performance of the extended model against available experimental data on engine power, fuel consumption and the composition-resolved emissions of PM. We have also compared the annually averaged emission values with those of the corresponding EMEP inventory, As example results, the geographical distributions of the emissions of PM and CO are presented for the marine regions of the Baltic Sea surrounding the Danish Straits.

scholarly journals Extension of an assessment model of ship traffic exhaust emissions for particulate matter and carbon monoxide

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 22129-22172 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-P. Jalkanen ◽  
L. Johansson ◽  
J. Kukkonen ◽  
A. Brink ◽  
J. Kalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Engine Load ◽  
Ship Traffic

Abstract. A method is presented for the evaluation of the exhaust emissions of marine traffic, based on the messages provided by the Automatic Identification System (AIS), which enable the positioning of ship emissions with a high spatial resolution (typically a few metres). The model also takes into account the detailed technical data of each individual vessel. The previously developed model was applicable for evaluating the emissions of NOx, SOx and CO2. This paper addresses a substantial extension of the modelling system, to allow also for the mass-based emissions of particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO). The presented Ship Traffic Emissions Assessment Model (STEAM2) allows for the influences of accurate travel routes and ship speed, engine load, fuel sulphur content, multiengine setups, abatement methods and waves. We address in particular the modeling of the influence on the emissions of both engine load and the sulphur content of the fuel. The presented methodology can be used to evaluate the total PM emissions, and those of organic carbon, elemental carbon, ash and hydrated sulphate. We have evaluated the performance of the extended model against available experimental data on engine power, fuel consumption and the composition-resolved emissions of PM. As example results, the geographical distributions of the emissions of PM and CO are presented for the marine regions surrounding the Danish Straits.

scholarly journals The evolution of shipping emissions and the costs of recent and forthcoming emission regulations in the northern European emission control area

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 16113-16150 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Johansson ◽  
J.-P. Jalkanen ◽  
J. Kalli ◽  
J. Kukkonen
Keyword(s):  
Emission Control ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Traffic Emission ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Fuel Costs ◽  
Emission Control Area ◽  
Pm2.5 Emissions

Abstract. An extensive inventory of marine exhaust emissions is presented in the northern European emission control area (ECA) in 2009 and 2011. The emissions of SOx, NOx, CO2, CO and PM2.5 were evaluated using the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM). We have combined the information on individual vessel characteristics and position reports generated by the Automatic Identification System (AIS). The emission limitations from 2009 to 2011 have had a significant impact on reducing the emissions of both SOx and PM2.5. The predicted emissions of SOx originated from IMO-registered marine traffic have been reduced by 33%, from 322 ktons to 217 ktons, in the ECA from 2009 to 2011. The corresponding predicted reduction of PM2.5 emissions was 20%, from 74 ktons to 59 ktons. The highest CO2 and PM2.5 emissions in 2011 were located in the vicinity of the coast of the Netherlands, in the English Channel, near the South-Eastern UK and along the busiest shipping lines in the Danish Straits and the Baltic Sea. The changes of emissions and the financial costs caused by various regulative actions since 2005 were also evaluated, based on the increased direct fuel costs. We also simulated the effects and direct costs associated with the forthcoming switch to low-sulfur distillate fuels in 2015. According to the projections for the future, there will be a reduction of 85% in SOx emissions and a~reduction of 50% in PM2.5 emissions in 2015, compared with the corresponding shipping emissions in 2011 in the ECA. The corresponding relative increase in fuel costs for all shipping varied between 10% and 63%, depending on the development of the prices of fuels and the use of the sulfur scrubber equipment.

scholarly journals Evaluation of AIS reception in Arctic regions from space by using a stratospheric balloon flight

Polar Record ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesper Abildgaard Larsen ◽  
Jens Dalsgaard Nielsen ◽  
Hans Peter Mortensen ◽  
Ulrik Wilken Rasmussen ◽  
Troels Laursen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Balloon Flight ◽  
Ship Traffic ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Stratospheric Balloon

ABSTRACTDue to the increased melting season in the arctic regions, especially in the seas surrounding Greenland, there has been an increased interest in utilising these waterways, both as an efficient transport route and an attractive leisure destination. However, with heavier traffic comes an increased risk of accidents. Due to the immense size and poor infrastructure of Greenland, it is not feasible to deploy ground based ship monitoring stations throughout the Greenland coastline. Thus the only feasible solution is to perform such surveillance from space. In this paper it is shown how it is possible to receive transmissions from the Automatic Identification System (AIS) from space and the quality of the received AIS signal is analysed. To validate the proposed theory, a field study, utilising a prototype of AAUSAT3, the third satellite from Aalborg University, was performed using a stratospheric balloon flight in the northern part of Sweden and Finland during the autumn of 2009. The analysis finds that, assuming a similar ship distribution as in the Barents Sea, it is feasible to monitor the ship traffic around Greenland from space with a satisfactory result.

scholarly journals Lockdown: How the COVID-19 Pandemic Affected the Fishing Activities in the Adriatic Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Russo ◽  
Marco Anelli Monti ◽  
Giacomo Toninato ◽  
Claudio Silvestri ◽  
Alessandra Raffaetà ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venice Lagoon ◽  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Otter Trawl ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Strong Reduction ◽  
Central Mediterranean ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
Almost All

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought a global socio-economic crisis to almost all sectors including the fishery. To limit the infection, governments adopted several containment measures. In Italy, Croatia, and Slovenia, a lockdown period was imposed from March to May 2020, during which many activities, including restaurants had to close or limit their business. All of this caused a strong reduction in seafood requests and consequently, a decrease in fishing activities. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 in the Northern and Central Adriatic fleet, by comparing the fishing activities in three periods (before, during, and after the lockdown) of 2019 and 2020. The use of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) data allowed us to highlight the redistribution of the fishing grounds of the trawlers, mainly located near the coasts during the 2020 lockdown period, as well as a reduction of about 50% of fishing effort. This reduction resulted higher for the Chioggia trawlers (−80%) and, in terms of fishing effort decrease, the large bottom otter trawl was the fishing segment mainly affected by the COVID-19 event. Moreover, by analysing the landings of the Chioggia fleet and the Venice lagoon fleets, it was possible to point out a strong reduction both in landings and profits ranging from −30%, for the small-scale fishery operating at sea, to −85%, for the small bottom otter trawl.

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