scholarly journals White Rot Fungi (Hymenochaetales) and Esca of Grapevine: Insights from Recent Microbiome Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 770
Author(s):  
Giovanni Del Frari ◽  
Helena Oliveira ◽  
Ricardo Boavida Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Microbiological Aspect ◽  
Leaf Symptoms

Esca is a major grapevine trunk disease that heavily affects vineyards in the Northern hemisphere. The etiology and epidemiology of this disease have been subject of dispute ever since the earliest disease reports. The reason behind such debate is the presence of multiple internal and external symptoms, as well as several putative and confirmed wood pathogens. While the role of pathogenic fungi, as causal agents of wood symptoms, has been thoroughly assessed, their role in the expression of leaf symptoms remains to be fully elucidated. In this review, we analyzed etiological and epidemiological data, with a special focus on the microbiological aspect of esca and the involvement of Hymenochaetales (Basidiomycota). Vineyard studies have associated leaf symptoms with the presence of white rot, most frequently caused by Fomitiporia mediterranea (Hymenochaetales), while tracheomycotic fungi are commonly found, with similar abundance, in symptomatic and asymptomatic vines. Pathogenicity trials have excluded a direct effect of Hymenochaetales species in triggering leaf symptoms, while the data concerning the role of tracheomycotic fungi remains controversial. Recent microbiome studies confirmed that F. mediterranea is more abundant in leaf-symptomatic vines, and treatments that effectively control leaf symptoms, such as sodium arsenite spray and trunk surgery, act directly on the abundance of F. mediterranea or on the presence of white rot. This suggest that the simultaneous presence of Hymenochaetales and tracheomycotic fungi is a pre-requisite for leaf symptoms; however, the relation among fungal pathogens, grapevine and other biotic and abiotic factors needs further investigation.

scholarly journals The attraction of Tremex apicalis (Hymenoptera, Siricidae, Tremecinae) and its parasitoid Ibalia japonica (Hymenoptera, Ibaliidae) to the fungus Cerrena unicolor

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazumu Kuramitsu ◽  
Teruhito Ishihara ◽  
Aki Sugita ◽  
Thitaree Yooboon ◽  
Barry Lustig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Dna Barcode ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Searching Behavior ◽  
Host Searching ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Saproxylic Insects ◽  
Symbiotic Fungi

Woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) are saproxylic insects and a common forest pest. Siricid woodwasps are classified into two subfamilies: Siricinae and Tremecinae. All known symbiotic fungi of Siricinae are in the genusAmylostereumBoidin while some species of Tremecinae have been observed to have a relationship with the fungusCerrenaunicolor(Bull.) Murrill. Previous studies about the host searching behavior of woodwasps and their parasitoids have focused primarily on the subfamily Siricinae.We analyzed the role ofC.unicolorvolatiles on the host searching behavior ofTremexapicalisMatsumura (Hymenoptera: Siricidae: Tremecinae) and its parasitoid Ibalia (Tremibalia) japonica Matsumura (Hymenoptera: Ibaliidae). The results of an olfactory response experiment indicated that the females ofT.apicalisand its parasitoid find their respective hosts using volatiles fromC.unicolor. Using DNA barcode, we identified basidiocarps on the trees infested withT.apicalis.The basidiocarps were all white-rot fungi that cause sapwood decay, includingC.unicolor. Two additional species that we identified belonged to genera closely related toC.unicolor.Woodwasp species are known to carry symbiotic fungi in a pair of specialized sacs called mycangia. Notably we found that mycangia-like structures were absent in the abdomens ofT.apicalisfemales. To the best of our knowledge,Xerisspectrum(Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) is the only reported example of woodwasp species that do not contain symbiotic fungi in their bodies.Our results suggested that: (1)T.apicalisfemales search for host wood that is already infected with sapwood decaying fungus using volatile compounds; (2)T.apicalis’ female parasitoid also uses volatile compounds from fungus to locate wood that is infested with its potential host.

scholarly journals Differential Role of MyD88 in Macrophage-Mediated Responses to Opportunistic Fungal Pathogens

2003 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
pp. 5280-5286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieren A. Marr ◽  
S. Arunmozhi Balajee ◽  
Thomas R. Hawn ◽  
Adrian Ozinsky ◽  
Uyenvy Pham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Adapter Protein ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Intracellular Killing ◽  
Pathogenic Yeast ◽  
Myd88 Signaling ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT Toll-like receptors mediate macrophage recognition of microbial ligands, inducing expression of microbicidal molecules and cytokines via the adapter protein MyD88. We investigated the role of MyD88 in regulating murine macrophage responses to a pathogenic yeast (Candida albicans) and mold (Aspergillus fumigatus). Macrophages derived from bone marrow of MyD88-deficient mice (MyD88−/−) demonstrated impaired phagocytosis and intracellular killing of C. albicans compared to wild-type (MyD88+/+) macrophages. In contrast, ingestion and killing of A. fumigatus conidia was MyD88 independent. Cytokine production by MyD88−/− macrophages in response to C. albicans yeasts and hyphae was substantially decreased, but responses to A. fumigatus hyphae were preserved. These results provide evidence that MyD88 signaling is involved in phagocytosis and killing of live C. albicans, but not A. fumigatus. The differential role of MyD88 may represent one mechanism by which macrophages regulate innate responses specific to different pathogenic fungi.

scholarly journals The Role of IL-33 in Host Response toCandida albicans

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rodríguez-Cerdeira ◽  
A. Lopez-Bárcenas ◽  
B. Sánchez-Blanco ◽  
R. Arenas
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Beneficial Role

Background. Interleukin (IL) 33 is a recently identified pleiotropic cytokine that influences the activity of multiple cell types and orchestrates complex innate and adaptive immune responses.Methods. We performed an extensive review of the literature published between 2005 and 2013 on IL-33 and related cytokines, their functions, and their regulation of the immune system followingCandida albicanscolonization. Our literature review included cross-references from retrieved articles and specific data from our own studies.Results. IL-33 (IL-1F11) is a recently identified member of the IL-1 family of cytokines. Accumulating evidence suggests a pivotal role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in host immune defense against fungal pathogens, includingC. albicans. IL-33 induces a Th2-type inflammatory response and activates both innate and adaptive immunity. Studies in animal models have shown that Th2 inflammatory responses have a beneficial role in immunity against gastrointestinal and systemic infections byCandidaspp.Conclusions. This review summarizes the most important clinical studies and case reports describing the beneficial role of IL-33 in immunity and host defense mechanisms against pathogenic fungi. The finding that the IL-33/ST2 axis is involved in therapeutic target has implications for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory diseases, including acute or chronic candidiasis.

scholarly journals Role of ligninolytic enzymes of white rot fungi (Pleurotus spp.) grown with azo dyes

SpringerPlus ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant D. Kunjadia ◽  
Gaurav V. Sanghvi ◽  
Anju P. Kunjadia ◽  
Pratap N. Mukhopadhyay ◽  
Gaurav S. Dave
Keyword(s):  
Azo Dyes ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzymes ◽  
White Rot

Understanding the role of mediators in the efficiency of advanced oxidation processes using white-rot fungi

2019 ◽  
Vol 359 ◽  
pp. 1427-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.A. Vasiliadou ◽  
R. Molina ◽  
M.I. Pariente ◽  
K.C. Christoforidis ◽  
F. Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Advanced Oxidation Processes ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Advanced Oxidation ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Oxidation Processes

Debarking, pitch removal and retting: Role of microbes and their enzymes

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Mukesh Yadav ◽  
Workinesh Tiruneh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Wood Extractives ◽  
Paper Manufacturing

AbstractMicrobial enzymes are green and clean alternatives for several processes in the pulp and paper industry. Enzyme treatment decreases the energy requirement and minimizes the wood losses during drum debarking. Lipophilic wood extractives are known as pitch. Pitch deposition adversely affects the pulp quality and increases equipment maintenance and operating costs during paper manufacturing. Several chemical additives have been used to remove pitch deposits. Natural seasoning of wood is used to minimize pitch content in wood, but it has some disadvantages including yield losses and decreased brightness. Controlled seasoning with white-rot fungi or albino strains of sapstain fungi is an effective tool for degradation and removal of wood extractives. Enzymes including lipase, laccase, sterol esterase, and lipooxygenase have also been used to minimize pitch-related problems. Enzymatic retting has been proved an eco-friendly and economical solution for chemical degumming and traditional retting.

Biodiversity of pathogenic wood fungi isolated from Xylotrechus arvicola (Olivier) galleries in vine shoots

OENO One ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo García Benavides ◽  
Pedro Martin Zamorano ◽  
Carlos Alvar Ocete ◽  
Lara Maistrello ◽  
Rafael Ocete
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Its2 Sequence ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Grapevine Decline ◽  
La Rioja

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: Grapevine decline caused by wood fungi seriously threatens viticulture worldwide. In Spain, the polyphagous borer <em>Xylotrechus</em> <em>arvicola</em> (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) is becoming a serious pest in different Qualified Designation of Origin (DOC) wine regions. The aim of the present work was to identify the fungal species growing in the galleries excavated by <em>X. arvicola</em> larvae inside the vine branches and investigate the possible relationship between wood pathogenic fungi and this borer.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Wood samples from branches of Tempranillo vines and <em>Prunus pisardi</em> trees affected by the borer <em>X. arvicola</em> were collected in La Rioja DOC vineyards (Northern Spain) and analyzed for the presence of fungi using both morphological techniques and genetic tools based on Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) sequence. Among the 20 different fungal species/isolates identified, 7 belonged to fungi associated with grapevine decline (esca, Petri disease, and <em>Eutypa</em> dieback), 6 were plant pathogens, 6 were saprophytic and one was entomopathogenic (<em>Beauveria bassiana</em>).</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: The fact that 65 % of the fungi detected inside <em>X. arvicola</em> galleries belong to species recognized as plant pathogens suggests that this borer, in addition to causing a progressive decay of the branches, could facilitate the transmission of plant diseases, further threatening the vineyards by spreading grapevine decline pathogens.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: The present work represents a first step in recognizing the association between the fungal pathogens associated with grapevine decline and the borer <em>X. arvicola</em>, suggesting a possible role of this insect as a vector in the transmission of these fungi.</p>

scholarly journals Role of laccase in lignin degradation by white-rot fungi

1995 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Duk Youn ◽  
Yung Chil Hah ◽  
Sa-Ouk Kang
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Degradation ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot

The role of peroxidases, radical cations and oxygen in the degradation of lignin

1987 ◽  
Vol 321 (1561) ◽  
pp. 495-505 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Radical Cation ◽  
Active Oxygen Species ◽  
Bond Cleavage ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Radical Cations ◽  
Veratryl Alcohol ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Lignin Model

Ligninase is an extracellular peroxidase produced by several species of white-rot fungi. It is able to oxidize methoxylated substrates to radical cation intermediates that can undergo C—H or C—C bond cleavage, thereby providing the basis for the oxidation of veratryl alcohol or degradation of lignin model compounds respectively. In some cases, the radical cation intermediate can act as an oxidant, accepting an electron from a suitable donor. It can thus function as a mediator, causing oxidation in a polymer not immediately accessible to the enzyme. This could be important in the degradation of natural lignocellulose substrates. However, the removal of a single electron by a mediator would leave a radical in the polymer. We propose that oxygen will bind to this radical to generate active oxygen species. This provides a potential mechanism for the auto-oxidation of lignin at a distance from the enzyme. A scheme is presented to account for the observation that ligninase can open the ring of veratryl alcohol.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document