A Novel Effector Protein SsERP1 Inhibits Plant Ethylene Signaling to Promote Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Infection

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most devastating pathogens in Brassica napus and causes huge economic loss worldwide. Though around one hundred putative effectors have been predicted in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum genome, their functions are largely unknown. In this study, we cloned and characterized a novel effector, SsERP1 (ethylene pathway repressor protein 1), in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. SsERP1 is a secretory protein highly expressed at the early stages of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection. Ectopic overexpression of SsERP1 in plant leaves promoted Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection, and the knockout mutants of SsERP1 showed reduced pathogenicity but retained normal mycelial growth and sclerotium formation, suggesting that SsERP1 specifically contributes to the pathogenesis of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Transcriptome analysis indicated that SsERP1 promotes Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection by inhibiting plant ethylene signaling pathway. Moreover, we showed that knocking down SsERP1 by in vitro synthesized double-strand RNAs was able to effectively inhibit Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infection, which verifies the function of SsERP1 in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum pathogenesis and further suggests a potential strategy for Sclerotinia disease control.

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Sub-lethal concentrations of silver nanoparticles mediate a phytostimulatory response in tobacco via the suppression of ethylene biosynthetic genes and the ethylene signaling pathway

In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant ◽

10.1007/s11627-021-10193-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mostafa K. Sarmast ◽

Hassan Salehi

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticles ◽

Signaling Pathway ◽

Ethylene Signaling ◽

Biosynthetic Genes ◽

Ethylene Signaling Pathway

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The soluble glutathione transferase superfamily: role of Mu class in triclabendazole sulphoxide challenge in Fasciola hepatica

Parasitology Research ◽

10.1007/s00436-021-07055-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 120 (3) ◽

pp. 979-991

Author(s):

Rebekah B. Stuart ◽

Suzanne Zwaanswijk ◽

Neil D. MacKintosh ◽

Boontarikaan Witikornkul ◽

Peter M. Brophy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Culture ◽

Liver Fluke ◽

Glutathione Transferase ◽

Fasciola Hepatica ◽

Affinity Purification ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Differential Abundance ◽

Parasitic Helminths

AbstractFasciola hepatica (liver fluke), a significant threat to food security, causes global economic loss for the livestock industry and is re-emerging as a foodborne disease of humans. In the absence of vaccines, treatment control is by anthelmintics; with only triclabendazole (TCBZ) currently effective against all stages of F. hepatica in livestock and humans. There is widespread resistance to TCBZ and its detoxification by flukes might contribute to the mechanism. However, there is limited phase I capacity in adult parasitic helminths with the phase II detoxification system dominated by the soluble glutathione transferase (GST) superfamily. Previous proteomic studies have demonstrated that the levels of Mu class GST from pooled F. hepatica parasites respond under TCBZ-sulphoxide (TCBZ-SO) challenge during in vitro culture ex-host. We have extended this finding by exploiting a sub-proteomic lead strategy to measure the change in the total soluble GST profile (GST-ome) of individual TCBZ-susceptible F. hepatica on TCBZ-SO-exposure in vitro culture. TCBZ-SO exposure demonstrated differential abundance of FhGST-Mu29 and FhGST-Mu26 following affinity purification using both GSH and S-hexyl GSH affinity. Furthermore, a low or weak affinity matrix interacting Mu class GST (FhGST-Mu5) has been identified and recombinantly expressed and represents a new low-affinity Mu class GST. Low-affinity GST isoforms within the GST-ome was not restricted to FhGST-Mu5 with a second likely low-affinity sigma class GST (FhGST-S2) uncovered. This study represents the most complete Fasciola GST-ome generated to date and has supported the potential of subproteomic analyses on individual adult flukes.

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Secretory protein translocation in a neurospora crassa in vitro system. Hydrolysis of a nucleoside triphosphate is required for posttranslational translocation.

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(18)45487-7 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 262 (35) ◽

pp. 17031-17037

Author(s):

R Addison

Keyword(s):

Neurospora Crassa ◽

Protein Translocation ◽

Secretory Protein ◽

Nucleoside Triphosphate ◽

In Vitro System ◽

Hydrolysis Of

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Selective Targeting of Breast Cancer by Tafuramycin a Using SMA-Nanoassemblies

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26123532 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (12) ◽

pp. 3532

Author(s):

Ibrahim M. El-Deeb ◽

Valeria Pittala ◽

Diab Eltayeb ◽

Khaled Greish

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Progesterone Receptors ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Chemotherapy Agent ◽

Anticancer Effects ◽

Tumor Tissues ◽

Potential Strategy ◽

Tumor Accumulation

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous subtype of tumors that tests negative for estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, and excess HER2 protein. The mainstay of treatment remains chemotherapy, but the therapeutic outcome remains inadequate. This paper investigates the potential of a duocarmycin derivative, tafuramycin A (TFA), as a new and more effective chemotherapy agent in TNBC treatment. To this extent, we optimized the chemical synthesis of TFA, and we encapsulated TFA in a micellar system to reduce side effects and increase tumor accumulation. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that both TFA and SMA–TFA possess high anticancer effects in TNBC models. Finally, the encapsulation of TFA offered a preferential avenue to tumor accumulation by increasing its concentration at the tumor tissues by around four times in comparison with the free drug. Overall, the results provide a new potential strategy useful for TNBC treatment.

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Reduced High-Dose Radiation-Induced Residual Genotoxic Damage by Induction of Radioadaptive Response and Prophylactic Mild Dietary Restriction in Mice

Dose-Response ◽

10.1177/1559325820982166 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 155932582098216

Author(s):

Bing Wang ◽

Kaoru Tanaka ◽

Takanori Katsube ◽

Kouichi Maruyama ◽

Yasuharu Ninomiya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Restriction ◽

High Dose ◽

Cancer Treatments ◽

Hematopoietic Stem ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Radiation Induced ◽

Potential Strategy ◽

Higher Doses

Radioadaptive response (RAR) describes a phenomenon in a variety of in vitro and in vivo systems that a low-dose of priming ionizing radiation (IR) reduces detrimental effects of a subsequent challenge IR at higher doses. Among in vivo investigations, studies using the mouse RAR model (Yonezawa Effect) showed that RAR could significantly extenuate high-dose IR-induced detrimental effects such as decrease of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells, acute radiation hematopoietic syndrome, genotoxicity and genomic instability. Meanwhile, it has been demonstrated that diet intervention has a great impact on health, and dietary restriction shows beneficial effects on numerous diseases in animal models. In this work, by using the mouse RAR model and mild dietary restriction (MDR), we confirmed that combination of RAR and MDR could more efficiently reduce radiogenotoxic damage without significant change of the RAR phenotype. These findings suggested that MDR may share some common pathways with RAR to activate mechanisms consequently resulting in suppression of genotoxicity. As MDR could also increase resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in normal cells, we propose that combination of MDR, RAR, and other cancer treatments (i.e., chemotherapy and radiotherapy) represent a potential strategy to increase the treatment efficacy and prevent IR risk in humans.

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Characterization of excretory–secretory products from protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus and evaluation of their potential for immunodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182004005670 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 129 (3) ◽

pp. 371-378 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

D. CARMENA ◽

J. MARTÍNEZ ◽

A. BENITO ◽

J. A. GUISANTES

Keyword(s):

Echinococcus Granulosus ◽

Cystic Echinococcosis ◽

Secretory Protein ◽

Major Protein ◽

Healthy Donors ◽

Secretory Products ◽

Protein Components ◽

Human Cystic Echinococcosis

This study describes, for the first time, the characterization of excretory–secretory antigens (ES-Ag) from Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces, evaluating their usefulness in the immunodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis. ES-Ag were obtained from the first 50 h maintenance of protoscoleces in vitro. This preparation contained over 20 major protein components which could be distinguished by 1-dimensional SDS–PAGE with apparent masses between 9 and 300 kDa. The culture of of protoscoleces from liver produced a greater variety of excretory–secretory protein components than those from lung. Determination of enzymatic activities of secreted proteins revealed the presence of phosphatases, lipases and glucosidases, but no proteases. These findings were compared to those obtained from somatic extracts of protoscoleces and hydatid cyst fluid products. Immunochemical characterization was performed by immunoblotting with sera from individuals infected by cystic echinococcosis (n=15), non-hydatidic parasitoses (n=19), various liver diseases (n=24), lung neoplasia (n=16), and healthy donors (n=18). Antigens with apparent masses of 89, 74, 47/50, 32, and 20 kDa showed specificity for immunodiagnosis of human hydatidosis. The 89 and 74 kDa components corresponded to antigens not yet described in E. granulosus, whereas proteins of 41–43 kDa and 91–95 kDa were recognized by the majority of the non-hydatid sera studied.

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CircRNA-SORE mediates sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma by stabilizing YBX1

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy ◽

10.1038/s41392-020-00375-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Junjie Xu ◽

Lin Ji ◽

Yuelong Liang ◽

Zhe Wan ◽

Wei Zheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Nuclear Interaction ◽

Circular Rna ◽

Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽

Proof Of Concept ◽

Potential Strategy ◽

Oncogenic Protein ◽

Hcc Cells

AbstractSorafenib is the first-line chemotherapeutic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, sorafenib resistance significantly limits its therapeutic efficacy, and the mechanisms underlying resistance have not been fully clarified. Here we report that a circular RNA, circRNA-SORE (a circular RNA upregulated in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells), plays a significant role in sorafenib resistance in HCC. We found that circRNA-SORE is upregulated in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells and depletion of circRNA-SORE substantially increases the cell-killing ability of sorafenib. Further studies revealed that circRNA-SORE binds the master oncogenic protein YBX1 in the cytoplasm, which prevents YBX1 nuclear interaction with the E3 ubiquitin ligase PRP19 and thus blocks PRP19-mediated YBX1 degradation. Moreover, our in vitro and in vivo results suggest that circRNA-SORE is transported by exosomes to spread sorafenib resistance among HCC cells. Using different HCC mouse models, we demonstrated that silencing circRNA-SORE by injection of siRNA could substantially overcome sorafenib resistance. Our study provides a proof-of-concept demonstration for a potential strategy to overcome sorafenib resistance in HCC patients by targeting circRNA-SORE or YBX1.

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Co-operative action by endo- and exo-β-(1→3)-glucanases from parasitic fungi in the degradation of cell-wall glucans of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj1400047 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 140 (1) ◽

pp. 47-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

David Jones ◽

Alex. H. Gordon ◽

John S. D. Bacon

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽

Culture Filtrate ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Major Constituent ◽

Coniothyrium Minitans ◽

Parasitic Fungi ◽

Complete Breakdown

1. Two fungi, Coniothyrium minitans Campbell and Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr., were grown on autoclaved crushed sclerotia of the species Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which they parasitize. 2. in vitro the crude culture filtrates would lyse walls isolated from hyphal cells or the inner pseudoparenchymatous cells of the sclerotia, in which a branched β-(1→3)-β-(1→6)-glucan, sclerotan, is a major constituent. 3. Chromatographic fractionation of the enzymes in each culture filtrate revealed the presence of several laminarinases, the most active being an exo-β-(1→3)-glucanase, known from previous studies to attack sclerotan. Acting alone this brought about a limited degradation of the glucan, but the addition of fractions containing an endo-β-(1→3)-glucanase led to almost complete breakdown. A similar synergism between the two enzymes was found in their lytic action on cell walls. 4. When acting alone the endo-β-(1→3)-glucanase had a restricted action, the products including a trisaccharide, tentatively identified as 62-β-glucosyl-laminaribiose. 5. These results are discussed in relation to the structure of the cell walls and of their glucan constituents.

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