scholarly journals Bile Acid Regulates the Colonization and Dissemination of Candida albicans from the Gastrointestinal Tract by Controlling Host Defense System and Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1030
Author(s):  
Shankar Thangamani ◽  
Ross Monasky ◽  
Jung Keun Lee ◽  
Vijay Antharam ◽  
Harm HogenEsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Host Defense System

Candida albicans (CA), a commensal and opportunistic eukaryotic organism, frequently inhabits the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and causes life-threatening infections. Antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis is a major risk factor for increased CA colonization and dissemination from the GI tract. We identified a significant increase of taurocholic acid (TCA), a major bile acid in antibiotic-treated mice susceptible to CA infection. In vivo findings indicate that administration of TCA through drinking water is sufficient to induce colonization and dissemination of CA in wild-type and immunosuppressed mice. Treatment with TCA significantly reduced mRNA expression of immune genes ang4 and Cxcr3 in the colon. In addition, TCA significantly decreased the relative abundance of three culturable species of commensal bacteria, Turicibacter sanguinis, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Clostridium celatum, in both cecal contents and mucosal scrapings from the colon. Taken together, our results indicate that TCA promotes fungal colonization and dissemination of CA from the GI tract by controlling the host defense system and intestinal microbiota that play a critical role in regulating CA in the intestine.

scholarly journals Bile Acid Regulates the Colonization and Dissemination of Candida albicans from the Gastrointestinal Tract by Controlling Host Defense System and Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shankar Thangamani ◽  
Ross Monasky ◽  
Jung Keun Lee ◽  
Vijay Antharam ◽  
Harm HogenEsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Bile Acid ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Host Defense System

Candida albicans (CA), a commensal and opportunistic eukaryotic organism, frequently inhabits the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and causes life-threatening infections. Antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis is a major risk factor for increased CA colonization and dissemination from the GI tract. We identified a significant increase of taurocholic acid (TCA), a major bile acid in antibiotic-treated mice susceptible to CA infection. In vivo findings indicate that administration of TCA through drinking water is sufficient to induce colonization and dissemination of CA in wild type and immunosuppressed mice. Treatment with TCA significantly reduced mRNA expression of immune genes ang4 and Cxcr3 in the colon. In addition, TCA significantly decreased the relative abundance of three culturable species of commensal bacteria, Turicibacter sanguinis, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Clostridium celatum, in both cecal contents and mucosal scrapings from colon. Taken together, our results indicate that TCA promotes fungal colonization and dissemination of CA from the GI tract by controlling host defense system and intestinal microbiota that play a critical role in regulating CA in the intestine.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Invasive Candidiasis in Gamma Interferon- and Interleukin-4-Deficient Mice: Role of Macrophages in Host Defense against Candida albicans

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1708-1717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Káposzta ◽  
Peter Tree ◽  
László Maródi ◽  
Siamon Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Invasive Candidiasis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Gamma Interferon ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT Murine models of invasive candidiasis were used to study the in vivo importance of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in host defense against Candida albicans and to characterize the tissue inflammatory reactions, with special reference to macrophages (Mφ). Knockout (KO) IFN-γ-deficient (GKO) and IL-4-deficient (IL-4 KO) and C57BL/6 parental mouse strains were challenged intraperitoneally with 108 C. albicans blastoconidia. Survival of GKO mice was significantly lower (16.7%) than that of C57BL/6 control (55.5%) and IL-4 KO (61.1%) animals, but was not correlated with the extent of organ colonization. Immunohistological analysis with a panel of myeloid and lymphoid markers revealed multiple renal abscesses, myocarditis, hepatitis, meningoencephalitis, and pneumonia in each strain, with a dominant presence of Mφ. In the absence of IFN-γ, C. albicans induced striking changes in the phenotype of alveolar Mφ and extensive perivascular lymphoid infiltrates in the lung. Impairment in nitric oxide production by peritoneal Mφ was shown only in GKO mice, and they produced Candida-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, IgA, and IgG subclasses in lower titers. Our in vivo studies with KO mice elucidate a critical role for IFN-γ, but not IL-4, in host defense against C. albicans.

scholarly journals Plant Defensins: Novel Antimicrobial Peptides as Components of the Host Defense System

1995 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 1353-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Broekaert ◽  
FRG. Terras ◽  
BPA. Cammue ◽  
R. W. Osborn
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Plant Defensins ◽  
Host Defense System

A role of uroleuconaphins, polyketide red pigments in aphid, as a chemopreventor in the host defense system against infection with entomopathogenic fungi

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 992-999
Author(s):  
Mitsuyo Horikawa ◽  
Mitsuaki Shimazu ◽  
Maki Aibe ◽  
Hiroto Kaku ◽  
Makoto Inai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Red Pigments ◽  
Host Defense System

scholarly journals Haematophagous arthropod saliva and host defense system: a tale of tear and blood

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno B. Andrade ◽  
Clarissa R. Teixeira ◽  
Aldina Barral ◽  
Manoel Barral-Netto
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Current Information ◽  
System A ◽  
Host Defense System

The saliva from blood-feeding arthropod vectors is enriched with molecules that display diverse functions that mediate a successful blood meal. They function not only as weapons against host's haemostatic, inflammatory and immune responses but also as important tools to pathogen establishment. Parasites, virus and bacteria taking advantage of vectors' armament have adapted to facilitate their entry in the host. Today, many salivary molecules have been identified and characterized as new targets to the development of future vaccines. Here we focus on current information on vector's saliva and the molecules responsible to modify host's hemostasis and immune response, also regarding their role in disease transmission.

scholarly journals The Two-Faced Cytokine IL-6 in Host Defense and Diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Narazaki ◽  
Tadamitsu Kishimoto
Keyword(s):  
Host Defense ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Castleman Disease ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Off Label Use ◽  
Defense System ◽  
New Era ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Host Defense System

Interleukein-6 (IL-6), is produced locally from infectious or injured lesions and is delivered to the whole body via the blood stream, promptly activating the host defense system to perform diverse functions. However, excessive or sustained production of IL-6 is involved in various diseases. In diseases, the IL-6 inhibitory strategy begins with the development of the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab (TCZ). This antibody has shown remarkable effects on Castleman disease, rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. In 2017, TCZ was proven to work effectively against giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis and cytokine releasing syndrome, initiating a new era for the treatment of these diseases. In this study, the defensive functions of IL-6 and various pathological conditions are compared. Further, the diseases of which TCZ has been approved for treatment are summarized, the updated results of increasing off-label use of TCZ for various diseases are reviewed and the conditions for which IL-6 inhibition might have a beneficial role are discussed. Given the involvement of IL-6 in many pathologies, the diseases that can be improved by IL-6 inhibition will expand. However, the important role of IL-6 in host defense should always be kept in mind in clinical practice.

Macrophages in the Brain: Friends or Enemies?

Physiology ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Piani ◽  
DB Constam ◽  
K Frei ◽  
A Fontana
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
The Body ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Tissue Destruction ◽  
Brain Macrophages ◽  
Host Defense System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Macrophage Lineage

Cells of the macrophage lineage are ubiquitously distributed in the body, including the central nervous system. They represent an essential host defense system to protect from infections. However, recent evidence indicates that brain macrophages may also be responsible for tissue destruction, including loss of neurons and demyelination.

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