Sources, Channels and Strategies of Disinformation in the 2020 US Election: Social Networks, Traditional Media and Political Candidates

The dissemination of fake news during the conduct of an electoral campaign can significantly distort the process by which voters form their opinion on candidates and decide their vote. Cases of disinformation have been happening since the rise of social networks and the last presidential election held in 2020 in the United States was not an exception. The present research aims at analyzing the ways in which political disinformation is generated by different types of sources (social networks users, the media and political candidates) through various channels for communication (social and traditional media). Quantitative and qalitative methods were used to analyze a sample of news published during the election and verified by the most important fact-checking organizations in the United States and Europe. The results indicate that users of social networks spread false information on equal terms with presidential candidates, although the channel preferred to spread misleading messages was social networks in 67.4% of cases. The candidates relied on the use of classic disinformation strategies through traditional media, although the greatest degree of disinformation occurred when conspiratorial hoaxes were circulated through social networks.

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Acculturation and Physical Activity Among Latinos

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190215217.013.24 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Ana F. Abraído-Lanza ◽

Karen R. Flórez ◽

Rachel C. Shelton

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

United States ◽

Social Networks ◽

Socioeconomic Position ◽

Health Benefits ◽

The United States ◽

Social Contexts ◽

Research Designs ◽

Different Types ◽

The Many

Despite the many health benefits of physical activity (PA), the majority of Latinos do not meet recommended levels of PA. This chapter provides an overview of research on acculturation and PA among adult Latinos in the United States. It identifies gaps in knowledge concerning the association between acculturation and different types of PA, the joint effects of socioeconomic position and acculturation on PA, and research on gender. It suggests several areas for further research related to acculturation and PA, including an exploration of norms, social networks, and broader social contexts. It concludes that although the bulk of evidence indicates that greater acculturation is associated with increased PA, more complex research designs and greater methodological and conceptual rigor are needed to move forward research in this area.

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Relevance of the mass media in Prevention, Education and Contextual Management of COVID-19

World Journal on Educational Technology Current Issues ◽

10.18844/wjet.v13i1.5423 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 129-146

Author(s):

Enaidy Reynosa Navarro ◽

Margit Julia Guerra-Ayala ◽

Walther Hernán Casimiro-Urcos ◽

Dolores Vélez-Jiménez ◽

Nora Consuelo Casimiro-Urcos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Social Networks ◽

Mass Media ◽

The United States ◽

Electronic Media ◽

International Survey ◽

Socially Responsible ◽

Media Communication ◽

Prevention Education ◽

The Media

The purpose of this research was to determine the relevance of the media in the prevention, education and contextual management of COVID-19. Methodology: descriptive non-experimental transectional research. An international survey validated by experts was applied, surveying 1082 people during a month. The countries with the highest participation were Peru, Colombia, Mexico, the United States and Russia. The data was processed using SPSS version 25. 64.7% of the respondents affirmed that the means were decisive in preventing the pandemic; 59.1% recognized the importance of the media for awareness and prevention of the pandemic, and 64% valued the importance of the media for the contextual management of the pandemic; demonstrating a significant relationship between the variables. Contributions: the need for strategic, prudent, ethical and socially responsible communication that benefits citizens in a pandemic situation is highlighted. Keywords: Mass media; communication; electronic media; social networks; education; prevention

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Co-creation in North American and European digital native media: Web, social networks and offline spaces

Journalism ◽

10.1177/1464884920984698 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 146488492098469

Author(s):

José Sixto-García ◽

Ana Isabel Rodríguez-Vázquez ◽

Xosé Soengas-Pérez

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Social Networks ◽

Freedom Of Expression ◽

The United States ◽

The Internet ◽

Digital Native ◽

The Media ◽

Web Social ◽

The Right ◽

To Receive

Organisations from various productive sectors are increasingly involving their audiences in their co-creation processes, both for production and for the ideation and marketing of the products they offer. This research analyses this issue in native digital newspapers, offering a comparative perspective between Europe and the United States. The co-creation options that these newspapers, developed on and for the internet, provided to their readers, are investigated in the three scenarios in which it is possible to co-create: via web, social networks and offline spaces. The findings indicate that the spaces enabled for co-creation are still residual and that the media should continue to value citizen’s contributions, and carrying on incorporating those contributions within their agendas, thus protecting freedom of expression, as well as the right to receive truthful information.

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The Effect of a Competitor Species on the Seedling Development of Lythrum salicaria

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.913b ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 913B-913

Author(s):

Anna Snider ◽

Visar Nimani ◽

Kerry McEntee ◽

Scott Percival

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Rare Species ◽

The United States ◽

Lythrum Salicaria ◽

Seedling Development ◽

Purple Loosestrife ◽

Spartina Pectinata ◽

Different Types ◽

The Media ◽

Wetland Habitats

Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a plant that was originally introduced to the United States as an ornamental, but was soon found to be invasive in wetland habitats. Lythrum reduces plant and wildlife diversity in these areas and causes the extinction of rare species. Our research was conducted to determine if another species planted along with Lythrum would act as a competitor and reduce the invasive characteristics of the plant. We also compared this with its invasiveness in different types of media (peatmoss and sand) to determine if its ability to take over was related to the media in which it was growing. The competitor species we chose was cordgrass (Spartina pectinata) because it is a typical grass native to wetlands. We varied the planting times of the Lythrum and Spartina in different pots and recorded germination rates and the final dry weights of both species. We found significant differences among the plants at each planting time and between the plants in the peatmoss and sand.

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Liberating Afghan Women

American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences ◽

10.35632/ajiss.v21i3.508 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 70-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nancy Gallagher

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Human Rights ◽

Historical Context ◽

The United States ◽

Political Organizations ◽

Way Of Life ◽

Afghan Women ◽

The Media ◽

Policy Priority

Public opinion in the United States and elsewhere celebrated the liberation of Afghan women following the defeat of the Taliban government. The United States promised to stay in Afghanistan and foster security, economic development, and human rights for all, especially women. After years of funding various anti- Soviet Mujahidin warlords, the United States had agreed to help reconstruct the country once before in 1992, when the Soviet-backed government fell, but had lost interest when the warlords began to fight among themselves. This time, however, it was going to be different. To date, however, conditions have not improved for most Afghan women and reconstruction has barely begun. How did this happen? This article explores media presentations of Afghan women and then compares them with recent reports from human rights organizations and other eyewitness accounts. It argues that the media depictions were built on earlier conceptions of Muslim societies and allowed us to adopt a romantic view that disguised or covered up the more complex historical context of Afghan history and American involvement in it. We allowed ourselves to believe that Afghans were exotic characters who were modernizing or progressing toward a western way of life, despite the temporary setback imposed by the Taliban government. In Afghanistan, however, there was a new trope: the feminist Afghan woman activist. Images of prominent Afghan women sans burqa were much favored by the mass media and American policymakers. The result, however, was not a new focus on funding feminist political organizations or making women’s rights a foreign policy priority; rather, it was an unwillingness to fulfill obligations incurred during decades of American-funded mujahidin warfare, to face the existence of deteriorating conditions for women, resumed opium cultivation, and a resurgent Taliban, or to commit to a multilateral approach that would bring in the funds and expertise needed to sustain a long-term process of reconstruction.

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Situational Breakdowns

10.1093/oso/9780190922061.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Anne Nassauer

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Large Scale ◽

Contextual Factors ◽

The United States ◽

Social Outcomes ◽

Dynamic Processes ◽

Collective Decisions ◽

Different Types ◽

The Impact

This book provides an account of how and why routine interactions break down and how such situational breakdowns lead to protest violence and other types of surprising social outcomes. It takes a close-up look at the dynamic processes of how situations unfold and compares their role to that of motivations, strategies, and other contextual factors. The book discusses factors that can draw us into violent situations and describes how and why we make uncommon individual and collective decisions. Covering different types of surprise outcomes from protest marches and uprisings turning violent to robbers failing to rob a store at gunpoint, it shows how unfolding situations can override our motivations and strategies and how emotions and culture, as well as rational thinking, still play a part in these events. The first chapters study protest violence in Germany and the United States from 1960 until 2010, taking a detailed look at what happens between the start of a protest and the eruption of violence or its peaceful conclusion. They compare the impact of such dynamics to the role of police strategies and culture, protesters’ claims and violent motivations, the black bloc and agents provocateurs. The analysis shows how violence is triggered, what determines its intensity, and which measures can avoid its outbreak. The book explores whether we find similar situational patterns leading to surprising outcomes in other types of small- and large-scale events: uprisings turning violent, such as Ferguson in 2014 and Baltimore in 2015, and failed armed store robberies.

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Campaigns and Elections in a Changing Media Landscape

The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Persuasion ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190860806.013.16 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 403-426

Author(s):

Michael X. Delli Carpini ◽

Bruce A. Williams

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

New Media ◽

Historical Context ◽

The United States ◽

Detailed Examination ◽

Political Campaigns ◽

Democratic Politics ◽

Campaigns And Elections ◽

The Media

The media landscape of countries across the globe is changing in profound ways that are of relevance to the study and practice of political campaigns and elections. This chapter uses the concept of media regimes to put these changes in historical context and describe the major drivers that lead to a regime’s formation, institutionalization, and dissolution. It then turns to a more detailed examination of the causes and qualities of what is arguably a new media regime that has formed in the United States; the extent to which this phenomenon has or is occurring (albeit in different ways) elsewhere; and how the conduct of campaigns and elections are changing as a result. The chapter concludes with thoughts on the implications of the changing media landscape for the study and practice of campaigns and elections specifically, and democratic politics more generally.

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