scholarly journals Black Currency of Middle Ages and Case for Complementary Currency

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Pezhwak Kokabian
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fiscal Autonomy ◽  
Monetary Regime ◽  
Metallic Object ◽  
Complementary Currency ◽  
The Middle Ages

Monetary historians argue that two types of currencies were circulating in the middle ages of Europe. The first was the standard historical form of money made up of gold and silver coins, and the second was a set of small pieces of copper and other metallic substances used mainly in towns and townships for local trade as currency. Jetton and tokens are monetized objects that are not official currencies; they were of lower quality of the inferior metallic object, which were used for day-to-day transaction needs. The drive for local monetary decentralization is pointed to build up fiscal autonomy and responsible local monetary institutions. This paper reasons that the monetary regime of the Renaissance was a real and genuine trimetallic currency regime.

The Venerable Bede on Prayer and Contemplation

Traditio ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 1-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott DeGregorio
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Good Sense ◽  
Venerable Bede ◽  
The Middle Ages

As a monk at the famous Northumbrian monastery of Jarrow, the Venerable Bede (673–735) produced a body of exegetical work that enjoyed enormous popularity throughout the Middle Ages. Something of that spirit seems to have reawakened in recent years, as Bede's commentaries are increasingly being studied and made available to wider audiences in English translation. One distinctive feature of this development is a growing awareness that Bede's reputation as an exegete is more multifaceted than has been previously realized, that it goes beyond what Beryl Smalley called “his faithful presentation of the tradition in its many aspects. Whereas earlier interpreters were content to regard Bede as a mere compiler reputed for his good sense and able Latinity, scholars are now paying homage to him as a penetrating and perceptive biblical commentator who did more than reproduce the thought of the fathers who preceded him. As I intend to show in what follows, Bede's treatment of prayer and contemplation in his exegesis attests well to this quality of his thought. The topic to date has received only minimal commentary, mainly on what Bede actually taught about prayer. My approach will be different. I begin with a discussion not of Bede's exegetical method but of his occupations and aims as a spiritual writer. Neither Bede's spirituality nor his role as spiritual writer have received the attention they deserve, and it is hoped that the reflections offered here will help rekindle interest in these neglected subjects. I then consider four prayer-related themes in his exegesis that bring his aims as a spiritual writer into view. Patristic tradition had commented widely on prayer, and Bede, we will see, did not set out to summarize this tradition in its entirety but rather to highlight and distill certain themes within it, those that best suited the needs of his Anglo-Saxon audience.

Father Chaucer’s Heirs

2019 ◽  
pp. 212-228
Author(s):  
Samantha Katz Seal
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
Knight's Tale ◽  
The Middle Ages

In conclusion to this book, Chapter 6 looks at the Middle Ages’ model of reproductive perfection—fathers producing sons—to identify how even in the most ideal of circumstances, men cannot gain a true authority upon the earth. For from the Monk’s Tale to the Knight’s Tale to the Nun’s Priest’s Tale, Chaucer makes men confront how poorly they resemble the quality of their fathers. Each generation becomes a siring of loss, a gradual descent into something worse than its progenitor. And yet, Chaucer agues, there is nothing else for men within the world. To reproduce in the pursuit of authority is a doomed quest, one that he himself will repent of in the Retractions. But there is nothing more human than the desire to create something that will last beyond one’s death, to hope in a future posterity even knowing the odds against its realization.

A Tribute to Albert Friend

Traditio ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 422-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto G. Von Simson ◽  
Dom Anselm Strittmatter
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Harvard University ◽  
Research Library ◽  
Medieval Art ◽  
Princeton University ◽  
Foreign Scholar ◽  
Sixtieth Anniversary ◽  
The Middle Ages

Within less than twelve months in the years 1955 and 1956 three senior members of the Department of Art and Archaeology of Princeton University departed this life: Charles Rufus Morey, Albert Matthias Friend, and Earl Baldwin Smith. All three were scholars of distinction, and of all three it can be safely asserted that through their own work and through their influence upon their numerous students they decisively shaped the character and quality of American scholarship in the field of medieval art. This is especially true of Morey, who may be said to have made the tradition so hopefully inaugurated by Dr. Allan Marquand and to have passed the torch on to his pupils. If the invitation to catalogue the Museo Sacro of the Vatican Library was an extraordinary compliment paid to Morey, the master, the appointment to the office of Director of Studies at the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection of Harvard University was an outstanding distinction conferred upon Friend, his pupil. It was in this position that Friend's activities and influence assumed more and more international or cosmopolitan proportions, and so it came about that when the plan of a ‘Festschrift’ to be presented to him on his sixtieth anniversary was broached, not only colleagues and pupils of Princeton University, but more than one foreign scholar whom he had been instrumental in bringing to Dumbarton Oaks was invited to participate. The result was the volume now under consideration, which comprises in all thirty-two articles in the two fields of late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. For all the diversity of subjects treated, which is considerable, there is an extraordinary homogeneity to this liberal A dedicatory inscription composed in brilliant Greek was very appropriately prefixed to the volume, to complete an offering which Friend had the pleasure of receiving more than a year before his death.

scholarly journals Factors of selection and quality of wood used for woodcraft in medieval Polish strongholds and early urban centres

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Cywa ◽  
Agnieszka Wacnik ◽  
Maria Lityńska-Zając
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Fraxinus Excelsior ◽  
Taxus Baccata ◽  
Technical Parameters ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractThis paper discusses various aspects of the use of wood for crafts in the Middle Ages, based on xylological analyses of 4211 crafted items of everyday use discovered at 62 archaeological sites in Poland. Over 1500 items were identified in the authors’ own analyses, and the remaining taxonomic data were taken from the literature. The research showed that the main types of wood used at the time were Pinus sylvestris, Quercus sp., Fraxinus excelsior, Picea sp. vel Larix sp., Taxus baccata, Alnus sp., Abies alba and Euonymus sp. Nineteen other taxa were used to make a much smaller pool of objects.At most of the analysed sites a similar set of materials was used to produce the items, regardless of their age and location. The choice of wood was selective and was based on the characteristics of particular tree and shrub species. Large coopered vessels were primarily made of wood from Quercus sp., Pinus sylvestris and Taxus baccata. The manufacture of turned utensils usually involved Fraxinus excelsior, while stave bowls were made using only Pinus sylvestris and Picea/Larix (mainly Picea abies).To verify the local availability of the source taxa, we used pollen sequences from natural and anthropogenic sites in the vicinity of the places where the examined artefacts were found. The choice of wood was limited by the availability of the trees and shrubs. In north-western Poland the most important taxa used for woodworking in the Middle Ages were Pinus sylvestris, Quercus sp., Fraxinus excelsior and Fagus sylvatica; in the south, Picea/Larix and Abies alba were used most frequently. Some items made of Abies alba, Picea and Larix were imported from other parts of the country.We inferred two stages of the use of wood by medieval Polish craftsmen. In the first stage, from the mid-10th century to the late 12th century, they largely used deciduous taxa; the second stage, from the 13th to the 15th centuries, saw the increased use of conifers.We found that the medieval craftsmen chose high-quality wood without defects. Radial wood with the best technical parameters was preferred. Its share increased in the late Middle Ages; this can be attributed to the craftsmen’s increasing familiarity with carpentry techniques.

Hugolinusglossen im accursischen Apparat zum Digestum vetus

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Horst Heinrich Jakobs
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Individual Trees ◽  
The Middle Ages

In research on the history of Roman law in the Middle Ages, the desideratum is the history of the text of the glosses written in the 13th century by Accursius on the Corpus Iuris Civilis – the work that determined the reception of Roman law in Europe. What were the sources used by Accursius? What use did he make of them? What did he add to the work of his predecessors? This book aims to answer these questions. It aims to revise Savigny's preliminary judgment on the quality of Accursius's work, to reduce what Astuti still called the "pressochè completa ignoranza" of Accursius's way of working – as far as this is possible in a work which, assuming that the forest cannot be fathomed except by looking at individual trees, is limited to the history of the text of individual passages.

No ‘Emperor of Europe’

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-446
Author(s):  
Klaus Oschema
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Political Discussion ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Contemporary Author ◽  
The Middle Ages

Recent research on the use of the notion of Europe during the Middle Ages has confirmed that the name of the continent only rarely acquired a political meaning, if at all, in this period. What is particularly surprising is the observation that several authors in the Latin world used expressions such as regnum Europae or regna Europae, especially in the Carolingian period, without elaboration. Hence, although Charlemagne has been praised as ‘father of Europe’ by one contemporary author, the idea of an ‘Emperor of Europe’ was never developed, with the exception of two brief notices in early medieval Irish annalistic compilations. Even during the High Middle Ages, when the name of the continent came to be more widely used in different contexts, only a small set of figures, historical as well as fictitious, were ascribed with the aspiration or quality of ruling all of Europe.  Towards the end of the Middle Ages, however, the notion of an ‘Emperor of Europe’ became more common in a particular context: Christian authors accused non-Christian rulers of Asian origin (Mongols, Turks) of seeking to subdue the entire continent. Latin authors, in turn, started to perceive Europe as being the home of Christendom.  This article demonstrates how those Christian authors accept a pluralistic order for their own continent (on a political level), and contrasts this with the quest for hegemonic rule that becomes a motive of polemic, which they ascribe to non-Christian rulers. Although their arguments do not lead to the explicit presentation of Europe as the ‘continent of freedom’, they do recognise and value the existence of a multitude of political entities which they contrast with a hegemonic and homogenous political role of ‘Asian tyrants’. In a broader perspective, these findings open insights into late medieval political thought that go beyond what we can learn from contemporary ‘political discussion’ in a more limited sense.

scholarly journals Membangun Peradaban Esoteris Berbasis Nilai-Nilai Spiritual: Studi Historis Sains Islam Abad Pertengahan

ESOTERIK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
Fadhlu Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Spiritual Civilization ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islamic Science ◽  
New Space ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
The Middle Ages

<p class="06IsiAbstrak">The science of Islam in medieval times provides another perspective on human concepts and the progress of civilization. The values of monotheism look at the sides of spirituality as a measure of the progress of civilization. From it the definition of civilization gained new space and paved the way for the inherent potentials of humanity as the foundation for the progress of civilization as well as not reducing the quality of scientific sophistication. This paper aims to uncover the concept of the holistic paradigm and the history of Islamic science in the Middle Ages while also contextualizing it on the concept of Coomaraswamy spiritual civilization which has the theory of spiritual civilization, as a basis for the meaning of civilization with historical methods as well as descriptive analysis. Thus, my findings conclude that the paradigm of the progress of civilization has an esoteric perspective, and spirituality can be used as a measure of the progress of civilization besides not ignoring the materiality side in the form of sophistication of scientific science theories.</p>

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