scholarly journals Is there Urban Landscape in Metropolitan Areas? An Unobvious Answer Based on Corine Land Cover Analyses

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Urszula Myga-Piątek ◽  
Anna Żemła-Siesicka ◽  
Katarzyna Pukowiec-Kurda ◽  
Michał Sobala ◽  
Jerzy Nita
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Corine Land Cover ◽  
Levels Of Detail ◽  
Landscape Factors

The recent increase in urban areas has stimulated landscape urbanization. One of the ways to study this process is an analysis based on the structure of land cover. The aim of this paper is to assess the intensity of the urban landscape on the basis of the CORINE in the seven largest metropolitan areas in Poland and in the Ruhr Metropolis in Germany. To this end, an urban landscape intensity indicator (ULII) was used based on Corine Land Cover at three levels of detail: the metropolitan area, municipalities and hexagons. There are similarities in landscape structure in areas with similar origin (industrial function) and spatial organization (mono- and polycentric agglomerations). The landscape of the Upper Silesia-Zagłębie Metropolis differs from the landscape of other metropolitan areas in Poland and simultaneously shows similarities to the landscape of the Ruhr Metropolis. The results of the ULII also revealed a dependency: the dominance of rural and transitional landscapes in a majority of the study areas. Urban landscapes occur only in the central zones of the metropolitan areas. This proves that determining the range of a metropolitan area in terms of landscape factors is different from doing it with formal or legal ones.

scholarly journals A Modified Bare Soil Index to Identify Bare Land Features during Agricultural Fallow-Period in Southeast Asia Using Landsat 8

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Can Trong Nguyen ◽  
Amnat Chidthaisong ◽  
Phan Kieu Diem ◽  
Lian-Zhi Huo
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Fallow Period

Bare soil is a critical element in the urban landscape and plays an essential role in urban environments. Yet, the separation of bare soil and other land cover types using remote sensing techniques remains a significant challenge. There are several remote sensing-based spectral indices for barren detection, but their effectiveness varies depending on land cover patterns and climate conditions. Within this research, we introduced a modified bare soil index (MBI) using shortwave infrared (SWIR) and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths derived from Landsat 8 (OLI—Operational Land Imager). The proposed bare soil index was tested in two different bare soil patterns in Thailand and Vietnam, where there are large areas of bare soil during the agricultural fallow period, obstructing the separation between bare soil and urban areas. Bare soil extracted from the MBI achieved higher overall accuracy of about 98% and a kappa coefficient over 0.96, compared to bare soil index (BSI), normalized different bare soil index (NDBaI), and dry bare soil index (DBSI). The results also revealed that MBI considerably contributes to the accuracy of land cover classification. We suggest using the MBI for bare soil detection in tropical climatic regions.

scholarly journals MONITORING KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG PADA BERBAGAI TUTUPAN LAHAN DI CIBINONG SCIENCE CENTER (CSC), JAWA BARAT

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3B) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohanna Dalimunthe
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Landsat Imagery ◽  
Community Response ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Land Cover Changes ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Science Center ◽  
Landsat Images ◽  
Point Count

Birds play an essential role in ecosystems, especially in urban landscapes such as the Cibinong Science Center (CSC). As an urban landscape, CSC always experiences land cover changes due to the development of research infrastructure resulting in various human-made land cover types. This study aims to determine the diversity of birds in various types of land cover as a community response to CSC development dynamics. Bird data was collected using the point count method modified with a grid (plot) measuring 200mx200m with a radius of observation as far as 50m at 34 points. Landsat images were analyzed from 2006 to 2018 to see changes in land cover changes. The observations show that there are 35 species of birds. Among those, three birds are protected by Indonesian regulation. There are six type of land cover in CSC paddy fields, buildings, opened area, farm land, plantation, and water. CSC has total diversity S(mean) = 32 covering 65% of all recorded birds. At land cover level, building area show the highest diversity (Shannon=2.03) while paddy fields is the lowest (Shannon=1.45). Based on the Landsat imagery, there are several changes in vegetation and the addition of some buildings.   

scholarly journals A review of studies involving the effect of land cover and land use on the urban heat island phenomenon, assessed by means of the MUKLIMO model

Geografie ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ján Feranec ◽  
Monika Kopecká ◽  
Daniel Szatmári ◽  
Juraj Holec ◽  
Pavel Šťastný ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Urban Heat

The urban heat island phenomenon occurs in urban areas. It is characterized by increased temperature of both the air and ground surface, compared to the surrounding rural landscape, and is a typical feature of the urban climate. As this phenomenon may affect quality of life in the cities, a variety of scientific studies have been carried out. The article provides a review and evaluation of selected published studies devoted to the issue of the urban heat island, from the point of view of the application of land cover and land use data in the 3-dimensional microscale urban model. Part of the review brings into focus the MUKLIMO model, which computes the atmospheric conditions in urban landscapes and predicts thermal and other climatic characteristics. Evaluated studies confirmed the correlation between the land cover/land use classes and occurrence of the urban heat islands, i.e. a higher percentage of impermeable surfaces within the urban heat island causes more intensive thermal manifestation. The urban heat island effect diminishes when there are less impermeable surfaces and a greater representation of urban greenery in land cover/land use classes.

Assessing the impact of the urban landscape on heat wave episodes: a case study of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gara Villalba ◽  
Sergi Ventura ◽  
Joan Gilabert ◽  
Alberto Martilli ◽  
Alba Badia
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Heat Wave ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
Anthropogenic Heat ◽  
Surface Model

<p>Currently, around 54% of the world's population is living in urban areas and this number is projected to increase by 66% by 2050. In the past years, cities have been experiencing heat wave episodes that affect the population. As the modern urban landscape is continually evolving, with green spaces and parks becoming a more integral component and with suburbs expanding outward from city centres into previously rural, agricultural, and natural areas, we need tools to learn how to best implement planning strategies that minimize heat waves.  In this study we use the Weather and Research Forecasting model (WRF) with a multi-layer layer scheme, the Building Effect Parameterization (BEP) coupled with the Building Energy Model (BEP+BEM, Salamanca and Martilli, 2010) to take into account the energy consumption of buildings and anthropogenic heat generated by air conditioning systems. The urban canopy scheme takes into account city morphology (e.g. building and street canyon geometry) and surface characteristics (e.g. albedo, heat capacity, emissivity, urban/vegetation fraction). The Community Land Surface Model (CLM) is used in WRF that uses 16 different plant functional types (PFTs) as the basis for land-use differentiation.  Furthermore, we use the Local Climate Zones (LCZ) classification which has 11 urban land use categories with specific thermal, radiative and geometric parameters of the buildings and ground to compute the heat and momentum fluxes in the urban areas.  The objective is to validate the model and establish relationships between urban morphology and land use with temperature, so that the model can be used to simulate land use scenarios to investigate the effectiveness of different mitigation strategies to lower urban temperatures during the summer months.</p><p> </p><p>We test the methods with the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (AMB) as a case study. The AMB is representative of the Mediterranean climate, with mild winters and hot summers. With a heterogeneous urban landscape, the AMB covers 636 km<sup>2 </sup>(34% built, 23% agricultural, and 31% vegetation) and has more than five million habitants. We simulate the heat wave that occurred in August 2018, during which temperatures stayed between 30 and 40ºC for five consecutive days and compare results with observed data from five different weather stations. We then simulate a potential scenario changing land surface from built to vegetation, in accordance with Barcelona´s strategic climate plan, and the potential impact the land use change has on reducing heat wave episodes.</p>

scholarly journals Monitoring Metropolitan Growth Dynamics for Achieving Sustainable Urbanization (SDG 11.3) in Kolkata Metropolitan Area, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 4423
Author(s):  
Sk Mithun ◽  
Mehebub Sahana ◽  
Subrata Chattopadhyay ◽  
Brian Alan Johnson ◽  
Khaled Mohamed Khedher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Urban Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Sustainable Urbanization

The mass accumulation of population in the larger cities of India has led to accelerated and unprecedented peripheral urban expansion over the last few decades. This rapid peripheral growth is characterized by an uncontrolled, low density, fragmented and haphazard patchwork of development popularly known as urban sprawl. The Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA) has been one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in India and is experiencing rampant suburbanization and peripheral expansion. Hence, understanding urban growth and its dynamics in these rapidly changing environments is critical for city planners and resource managers. Furthermore, understanding urban expansion and urban growth patterns are essential for achieving inclusive and sustainable urbanization as defined by the United Nations in the Sustainable Development Goals (e.g., SDGs, 11.3). The present research attempts to quantify and model the urban growth dynamics of large and diverse metropolitan areas with a distinct methodology considering the case of KMA. In the study, land use and land cover (LULC) maps of KMA were prepared for three different years (i.e., for 1996, 2006, and 2016) through the classification of Landsat imagery using a support vector machine (SVM) classification approach. Then, change detection analysis, landscape metrics, a concentric zone approach, and Shannon’s entropy approach were applied for spatiotemporal assessment and quantification of urban growth in KMA. The achieved classification accuracies were found to be 89.75%, 92.00%, and 92.75%, with corresponding Kappa values of 0.879, 0.904, and 0.912 for 1996, 2006, and 2016, respectively. It is concluded that KMA has been experiencing typical urban sprawl. The peri-urban areas (i.e., KMA-rural) are growing rapidly, and are characterized by leapfrogging and fragmented built-up area development, compared to the central KMA (i.e., KMA-urban), which has become more compact in recent years.

scholarly journals Influence of Urban Landscapes to Microclimatic Variances in a Tropical City

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Sharifah Khalizah Syed Othman Thani ◽  
Nik Hanita Nik Mohamad ◽  
Sharifah Mastura Syed Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Thermal Discomfort ◽  
Outdoor Spaces ◽  
International Publishing ◽  
Significant Temperature ◽  
Tropical Cities ◽  
Landscape Morphology

The outdoor spaces of hot-humid tropical cities are exposed directly to the high intensity of solar radiation. The increased heat gain contributes to the thermal discomfort in an urban environment. This study investigates the variability of outdoor air temperature produced on the different urban landscape morphology in Putrajaya. Results revealed that the temperature distribution is strongly influenced by the urban landscape morphology where significant temperature differences are observed at various urban areas. The findings could contribute toward a better understanding on the interrelationship between urban landscape morphology and its influence on the microclimatic atmosphere.Keywords: Urban landscape morphology; outdoor temperature; thermal variation; tropical city2398-4295 © 2017 The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Malaysia.

scholarly journals Assessing Land-Cover Effects on Stream Water Quality in Metropolitan Areas Using the Water Quality Index

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3294
Author(s):  
TaeHo Kim ◽  
YoungWoo Kim ◽  
Jihoon Shin ◽  
ByeongGeon Go ◽  
YoonKyung Cha
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Land Cover Type ◽  
Stream Water Quality ◽  
Land Cover Types

This study evaluated the influence of different land-cover types on the overall water quality of streams in urban areas. To ensure national applicability of the results, this study encompassed ten major metropolitan areas in South Korea. Using cluster analysis, watersheds were classified into three land-cover types: Urban-dominated (URB), agriculture-dominated (AGR), and forest-dominated (FOR). For each land-cover type, factor analysis (FA) was used to ensure simple and feasible parameter selection for developing the minimum water quality index (WQImin). The chemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform (total coliform for FOR), and total nitrogen (nitrate-nitrogen for URB) were selected as key parameters for all land-cover types. Our results suggest that WQImin can minimize bias in water quality assessment by reducing redundancy among correlated parameters, resulting in better differentiation of pollution levels. Furthermore, the dominant land-cover type of watersheds, not only affects the level and causes of pollution, but also influences temporal patterns, including the long-term trends and seasonality, of stream water quality in urban areas in South Korea.

scholarly journals Influence of Land Use and Land Cover Change on the Formation of Local Lightning

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjib Kar ◽  
Yuei-An Liou
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Lulc Change ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Taipei City ◽  
Cg Lightning

Land use and land cover (LULC) play a crucial role in the interaction between the land and atmosphere, influencing climate at local, regional, and global scales. LULC change due to urbanization has significant impacts on local weather and climate. Land-cover changes associated with urbanization create higher air temperatures compared to the surrounding rural area, known as the “urban heat island (UHI)” effect. Urban landscapes also affect formation of convective storms. In recent years, the effect of urbanization on local convections and lightning has been studied very extensively. In this paper a long-term study has been carried out taking cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning data (1998–2012) from Tai-Power Company, and particulate matter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) data (2003–2012) from the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) of Taiwan, in order to investigate the influence of LULC change through urbanization on CG lightning activity over Taipei taking into account in situ data of population growth, land use change and mean surface temperature (1965–2010). The thermal band of the Land-Sat 7 satellite was used to generate the apparent surface temperature of New Taipei City. It was observed that an enhancement of 60–70% in the flash density over the urban areas compared to their surroundings. The spatial distribution of the CG lightning flashes follows closely the shape of the Taipei city heat island, thereby supporting the thermal hypothesis. The PM10 and SO2 concentrations showed a positive linear correlation with the number of cloud-to-ground flashes, supporting the aerosol hypothesis. These results indicate that both hypotheses should be considered to explain the CG lightning enhancements over the urban areas. The results obtained are significant and interesting and have been explained from the thermodynamic point of view.

scholarly journals Efficient Water Use in Residential Urban Landscapes

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 2081-2092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolston St. Hilaire ◽  
Michael A. Arnold ◽  
Don C. Wilkerson ◽  
Dale A. Devitt ◽  
Brian H. Hurd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Climate Control ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Aesthetic Appearance

In the United States, urban population growth, improved living standards, limited development of new water supplies, and dwindling current water supplies are causing the demand for treated municipal water to exceed the supply. Although water used to irrigate the residential urban landscape will vary according to factors such as landscape type, management practices, and region, landscape irrigation can vary from 40% to 70% of household use of water. So, the efficient use of irrigation water in urban landscapes must be the primary focus of water conservation. In addition, plants in a typical residential landscape often are given more water than is required to maintain ecosystem services such as carbon regulation, climate control, and preservation of aesthetic appearance. This implies that improvements in the efficiency of landscape irrigation will yield significant water savings. Urban areas across the United States face different water supply and demand issues and a range of factors will affect how water is used in the urban landscape. The purpose of this review is to summarize how irrigation and water application technologies; landscape design and management strategies; the relationship among people, plants, and the urban landscape; the reuse of water resources; economic and noneconomic incentives; and policy and ordinances impact the efficient use of water in the urban landscape.

Factors influencing occurrence of a freshwater turtle in an urban landscape: a resilient species?

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Stokeld ◽  
Andrew J. Hamer ◽  
Rodney van der Ree ◽  
Vincent Pettigrove ◽  
Graeme Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Freshwater Turtle ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression Model ◽  
Freshwater Turtles ◽  
Water Conductivity

Context Species vary broadly in their ability to adapt to urbanisation. Freshwater turtles are vulnerable to the loss and degradation of terrestrial and aquatic habitat in urban environments. There have been few publications investigating impacts of urbanisation on freshwater turtles in Australia. Aims We investigated the effects of urbanisation on the distribution and abundance of the eastern long-necked turtle (Chelodina longicollis) in greater Melbourne. Methods We examined occurrence and relative abundance of C. longicollis at 55 wetlands across an urban–rural gradient in relation to site- and landscape-level factors. Occupancy was modelled using the program PRESENCE, and incorporated landscape and habitat covariates. A negative binomial regression model was used to examine the influence of landscape and habitat factors on relative abundance by using WinBUGS. Key results C. longicollis occupied 85% of the 55 wetlands we surveyed, and we found no evidence that wetland occupancy was influenced by the variables we measured. However, relative abundance was highest at wetlands with low water conductivity and heavy metal pollution, and in wetlands furthest from rivers. Conclusions C. longicollis appears to be resilient to urbanisation and is likely to persist in urban landscapes, possibly because of the creation of new wetlands in Australian cities. However, long-term studies focussed on demographic parameters, or survivorship, may elucidate as yet undetected effects of urbanisation. Although no specific management recommendations may be necessary for C. longicollis in urban areas at this time, this species may be in decline in non-urban areas as a result of climatic changes and wetland drying. Implications Our findings suggest that caution is required before drawing generalised conclusions on the impacts of urbanisation on turtles, as the effects are likely to be species-specific, dependent on specific ecology and life-history requirements. Further studies are required to ascertain these relationships for a wider array of species and over longer time spans.

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