Royal Land Use and Management in Beijing in the Qing Dynasty

Management is an important factor affecting the formation and development of a landscape. This study concludes that royal land use is planned by specifying the land type, while the economic benefits and landscape value are also taken into account. The royal land has landscape value, with the core being the royal garden, the background being farmland, and the connecting line being water. Meanwhile, the royal garden management organization has a high level of authority. Based on the rules of the Imperial Household Department (Neiwufu) of the Qing Dynasty, the present paper extracts the royal land use and management records. This paper discusses the characteristics of royal land management from the spatial distribution and utilization of types of land. It analyzes the specific revenue, expenditure, and fund flow of land in detail and summarizes the land management model. Land management is based mainly on directional revenue and expenditure as well as quota revenue and the expenditure system. The management system is established to support the gardens’ construction.

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Canadian agricultural land-use and land management data for Kyoto reporting

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s05-103 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 86 (3) ◽

pp. 431-439 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

T. Huffman ◽

R. Ogston ◽

T. Fisette ◽

B. Daneshfar ◽

P-Y. Gasser, L. White ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Land Management ◽

Management Practices ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Satellite Image ◽

Data Sources ◽

Land Use And Management ◽

National Analysis ◽

The Impact

The land use and management data requirements for assessing, monitoring and reporting on the impact of agricultural production practices on the environment, especially in a country as large as Canada, are considerable. In view of the fact that environmental assessments are a relatively new phenomenon, data collection activities targeted toward these needs are not widespread. As a result, we find it necessary to acquire and integrate a variety of data sources with differing time lines, spatial scales and sampling frameworks. This paper uses our current activities with respect to Kyoto reporting as a focus to present and discuss the types of data required and the spatial analysis and integration procedures being developed to provide them. The essential data for this activity include the area of crop and land use types, land use changes since 1990, farm and land management practices and biomass production. The spatial framework selected for national analysis is the Soil Landscapes of Canada, and the primary existing data sources are the Census of Agriculture, sample-derived yield estimates and satellite-based land cover products. These are supplemented with detailed, multi-season, multi-year satellite image interpretations conducted at an ecologically and statistically stratified sample of sites across the country. The use of these data in preparing an account of greenhouse gas sources and sinks identified a number of gaps and problems, and a brief outline of future work designed to improve the data inputs is presented. Key words: Kyoto reporting, data integration, land use and management, greenhouse gases, carbon sequestration

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The Technology Transfer from Europe to China in the 17th–18th Centuries: Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Analyses of Chinese Qing Dynasty Enameled Masterpieces Made Using European Ingredients/Recipes

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14237434 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (23) ◽

pp. 7434

Author(s):

Philippe Colomban ◽

Michele Gironda ◽

Divine Vangu ◽

Burcu Kırmızı ◽

Bing Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Qing Dynasty ◽

18Th Century ◽

Raman Microspectroscopy ◽

The Other ◽

The Qing Dynasty ◽

Lead Arsenate ◽

Napoleon Iii ◽

Dark Green ◽

High Level ◽

Incense Burner

Two masterpieces of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912 CE), one in gilded brass (incense burner) decorated with cloisonné enamels stylistically attributed to the end of the Kangxi Emperor’s reign, the other in gold (ewer offered by Napoleon III to the Empress as a birthday present), decorated with both cloisonné and painted enamels bearing the mark of the Qianlong Emperor, were non-invasively studied by optical microscopy, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microfluorescence spectroscopy (point measurements and mapping) implemented on-site with mobile instruments. The elemental compositions of the metal substrates and enamels are compared. XRF point measurements and mappings support the identification of the coloring phases and elements obtained by Raman microspectroscopy. Attention was paid to the white (opacifier), blue, yellow, green, and red areas. The demonstration of arsenic-based phases (e.g., lead arsenate apatite) in the blue areas of the ewer, free of manganese, proves the use of cobalt imported from Europe. The high level of potassium confirms the use of smalt as the cobalt source. On the other hand, the significant manganese level indicates the use of Asian cobalt ores for the enamels of the incense burner. The very limited use of the lead pyrochlore pigment (European Naples yellow recipes) in the yellow and soft green cloisonné enamels of the Kangxi incense burner, as well as the use of traditional Chinese recipes for other colors (white, turquoise, dark green, red), reinforces the pioneering character of this object in technical terms at the 17th–18th century turn. The low level of lead in the cloisonné enamels of the incense burner may also be related to the use of European recipes. On the contrary, the Qianlong ewer displays all the enameling techniques imported from Europe to obtain a painted decoration of exceptional quality with the use of complex lead pyrochlore pigments, with or without addition of zinc, as well as cassiterite opacifier.

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PEMANFAATAN LAHAN DAN PENGELOLAAN SUMBERDAYA HUTAN OLEH MASYARAKAT SEKITAR KAWASAN HUTAN LINDUNG GUNUNG SIRIMAU (STUDI KASUS DI DESA HUKURILA KOTA AMBON)

JURNAL HUTAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL ◽

10.30598/10.30598/jhppk.2016.1.1.58 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 58

Author(s):

Mersiana Sahureka

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Land Management ◽

Forest Resources ◽

Survey Analysis ◽

Sampling Locations ◽

Class Level ◽

Village Government ◽

Land Use And Management ◽

Observation Selection

Socio-economic and cultural life of rural communities in an effort Hukurila land use and management of forest resources to meet the needs of life is a hereditary habits are not many greet the change . Research conducted in the village of Hukurila aims to : 1 ) determine the characteristics of rural communities Hukurila role in the management of natural resources , 2. Knowing the diversity of land use by communities Hukurila 3.Mengetahui stages of land management by communities Hukurila. The method used is survey analysis by doing a direct observation, selection and sampling locations is done with a specific purpose ( purposeful ) with 15 respondents coupled with key informants : Saniri country ( village government ) and related instransi , and NGO. The results showed the characteristics of the community in the utilization and management of forest resources based on age class , level of education , type of work and the amount of income . The pattern of land use by communities Hukurila can be divided into five (5 ) the yard , garden, Dusung agroforestry , forest , coast. While the stages of land management consists of Preparation , planting , maintenance , harvesting , marketing , post-harvest processing .

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The Watershed Atlas Project

Water in Kentucky ◽

10.5810/kentucky/9780813168685.003.0019 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Brian D. Lee ◽

Corey L. Wilson ◽

Angela Schörgendorfer

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Land Management ◽

Natural Environment ◽

Human Influence ◽

Management Decisions ◽

Landscape Characteristics ◽

Ecological Features ◽

Political Boundaries ◽

Land Use And Management ◽

The Impact

The Watershed Atlas project visualizes landscape indicator aspects of multiple watersheds throughout Kentucky simultaneously. By viewing the landscape from a watershed perspective, this atlas is offers new insights into the impact of land use and management decisions on waterways. This atlas seeks to reveal the ways that human influence on the natural environment does not observe political boundaries. A watershed-based approach for making land management decisions takes into account that though cities, counties, and states may appear to be distinct entities, they are connected by ecological features and processes. This atlas can be used as a tool to identify which landscape characteristics are potentially relevant as a guide for future prioritization and management decisions, which may influence waterway quality.

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Land Use and Society in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty

Environmental History ◽

10.2307/3985584 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 503 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

James Reardon-Anderson

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Qing Dynasty ◽

Inner Mongolia ◽

The Qing Dynasty

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Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

Histoire Épistémologie Langage ◽

10.1051/hel/2019004 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 39-55

Author(s):

Takashi Takekoshi

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Qing Dynasty ◽

The Qing Dynasty ◽

Chinese Scholars ◽

High Degree ◽

The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

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