scholarly journals Including Condition into Ecological Maps Changes Everything—A Study of Ecological Condition in the Conterminous United States

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1145
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Knight ◽  
Patrick J. Comer ◽  
Brian R. Pickard ◽  
Doria R. Gordon ◽  
Theodore Toombs
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disturbance ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Private Lands ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Working Lands ◽  
Landscape Scales ◽  
The U.S

In 2021, the Biden administration signed an executive order to protect 30% of American lands by 2030. Accomplishing this ambitious goal in the U.S. requires understanding the relative contribution of public and private lands toward supporting biodiversity. New approaches are needed because existing approaches focus on quantity of habitat without incorporating quality. To fill this need, we developed a 30 m resolution national habitat condition index (HCI) that integrates quality and quantity measures of habitat. We hypothesized that including an evaluation of the quality of habitat at landscape scales, both in conservation-focused preserves and working lands would provide a better assessment of the value of geographies for conservation. We divided the conterminous U.S. by major land cover type and into natural and cultivated lands and then spatially mapped multiple anthropogenic stressors, proximity to aquatic habitat, and vegetation departure from expected natural disturbance regimes. Each map layer was then scored for site impact and distance decay and combined into a final national index. Field observations providing scored relative ecological conditions were used for HCI calibration and validation at both CONUS and regional scales. Finally, we evaluate lands by management (conservation versus working lands) and ownership (public versus private) testing the value of these lands for conservation. While we found regional differences across CONUS, functional habitat was largely independent of protection status: working lands provide clear habitat and other values. These results are relevant for guiding strategies to achieve the U.S. 30 by 30 goals. Where similar data exist in other countries, analogous modeling could be used to meet their national conservation commitments.

Cooperative bargaining to manage invasive species in jurisdictions with public and private lands

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
Shyamani D. Siriwardena ◽  
Kelly M. Cobourn ◽  
Gregory S. Amacher ◽  
Robert G. Haight
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Private Lands ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Cooperative Bargaining

scholarly journals Costs of Biological and Cultural Resource Protection to the U.S. Natural Gas Industry

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Mitch Kunce
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Private Lands ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Land Type ◽  
Threatened And Endangered Species ◽  
Natural Gas Industry ◽  
The U.S

Using a unique land transaction from the 1860s in the Western U.S., this paper examines whether the presence of biological and cultural resources on private and federal land increase drilling costs to the U.S. natural gas industry. Our results suggest that the presence of these resources can increase costs, but the effect depends on the land type and which resources are being protected. The presence of threatened and endangered species increase drilling costs significantly on both federal and private lands; whereas the existence of migratory wildlife like elk and pronghorn does not. Cultural resources have a differentiated impact-they raise drilling costs significantly on federal lands, but not on private lands. JEL classification numbers: C23, Q58. Keywords: Endangered Species, U.S. Natural Gas, Cultural Resources, Drilling Costs.

Lease and Fee Hunting on Private Lands in the U.S.: A Review of the Economic and Legal Issues

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pallab Mozumder ◽  
C. Meghan Starbuck ◽  
Robert P. Berrens ◽  
Susan Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Legal Issues ◽  
Private Lands ◽  
The U.S

“Enlightened System” or “Regulatory Nightmare”?: New York’s Adirondack Mountains and the Conflicted Politics of Environmental Land-Use Reform During the 1970s

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-430
Author(s):  
Peter Siskind
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Regulatory Authority ◽  
Environmental Planning ◽  
State Level ◽  
Adirondack Mountains ◽  
Private Lands ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Environmental Liberalism ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

Abstract:This exploration of the politics of land-use reform in New York’s vast Adirondack Mountains provides a revealing window onto the ambiguities, evolution, and importance of environmental liberalism during the 1970s. A distinctive set of circumstances, featuring forceful advocacy by Governor Nelson Rockefeller and propitious political timing, led to the creation in the early 1970s of one of the most ambitious state-level environmental reforms in modern American history. But implementation during the mid- and late 1970s proved challenging. Environmental management by a new regional agency that possessed powerful regulatory authority over all public and private lands in the region produced discontents, distrust, and organized opposition among both developers and property-rights advocates on the right and environmental advocates on the left. The result was an uneasy, enduring legacy: the new regulatory institution and key environmental planning ideas of the early 1970s and the later, wide-ranging discontents would coexist in similar forms for decades to come.

Headwind from Europe: The New Position of the German Courts on Personality Rights after the Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Coors
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Private Interests ◽  
European Court ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
The U.S

In Germany, as in the U.S., the relationship between protection of privacy and freedom of expression has been subject of many decisions. In the U.S. a right of privacy was famously conjured out of common law precedents by Warren and Brandeis. Over the course of a century, it developed into a right of publicity, which gave celebrities the power to prevent the commercial use of their names, endorsements, images, voices, and other attributes of personality by unauthorized third parties. In defining such a right, much attention has been focused on separating what is commercially unacceptable from what is desirable free speech under the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. It has also been important to settle the duration of such rights. Publicity rights as a commercial value of a person's identity are therefore well established in the U.S., although state laws vary widely as to the extent of protection. In Germany, due to the constitutional background of the personality right, the balance between public and private interests still operates differently. After the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in 2004 convicted the German Federal Republic of violating the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights Fundamental Freedoms, the German Federal Court (Bundesgerichtshof—BGH) took the opportunity to think over its previous position about image rights. Three judgments were examined by the German Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht—BVerfG) and one of them was reversed.

Land Policy and Its Relation to Agricultural Production and Distribution, 1862 to 1933

1962 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore Saloutos
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
National Income ◽  
Land Policy ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Private Lands ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Distribution Costs ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
The Status ◽  
The New Deal

If by land policy we mean a comprehensive, well-thought-out plan that made for an efficient long-range use of our agricultural resources, we are reasonably safe in saying we had none. If we had anything that came close to resembling a policy, it was that of throwing open vast quantities of public and private lands to cultivation which resulted in maladjustments that made it difficult, if not impossible, for many farmers to adjust themselves to capitalistic methods of production and distribution. The extent of these maladjustments may be gauged in part by observing the status of agriculture on the eve of the New Deal. Shrinking foreign markets, world-wide competition, rising tariff walls, poor farm management practices, and excessive production and distribution costs were accompanied by sharp increases in indebtedness, farm foreclosures, and tenancy. Agriculture was receiving a dwindling share of the national income, capital formation was being discouraged, and farming had been relegated to a subordinate position within the economy.

Rethinking the Relationship Between Public Regulation and Private Litigation: Evidence from Securities Class Action in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 333-361
Author(s):  
Robin Hui Huang
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Class Action ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Securities Law ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Public And Private Enforcement ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

Abstract China has a civil procedure for collective litigation, which is dubbed Chinese-style class action, as it differs from the U.S.-style class action in some important ways. Using securities class action as a case study, this Article empirically examines both the quantity and quality of reported cases in China. It shows that the number of cases is much lower than expected, but the percentage of recovery is significantly higher than that in the United States. Based on this, the Article casts doubt on the popular belief that China should adopt the U.S.-style class action, and sheds light on the much-debated issue concerning the relationship between public and private enforcement of securities law. The Article also discusses the future prospects of securities class action in China in light of some recent developments which may provide its functional equivalents, including the regulator-brokered compensation fund and public interest group litigation.

scholarly journals Vulnerability of U.S. Maize Germ Plasm to Phaeosphaeria Leaf Spot

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 462-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Hybrid Seed Production ◽  
Maize Crop ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Seed Industry ◽  
Parental Inbred ◽  
Southern Florida ◽  
The U.S

Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS) is a potentially important maize disease that has recently appeared in the continental United States in winter breeding nurseries in southern Florida. To better predict the potential of this newly introduced disease to inflict damage on the U.S. maize crop, 64 public and private inbred lines and 80 proprietary commercial maize hybrids representing the genetic diversity in the U.S. maize crop were evaluated for resistance to PLS in the 1996-97 and 1997-98 winter nursery seasons. Plots were evaluated for PLS severity (0 to 9 scale) at the early to mid dent stages of kernel development. Relatively few hybrids or inbreds were free from PLS at this growth stage. Inbred lines related to B73 were particularly susceptible to PLS. Relatively few commercial hybrids were as severely diseased as a susceptible check hybrid, indicating that U.S. maize production is not particularly vulnerable to damage from PLS at this time. However, the susceptibility of several widely used parental inbred lines makes PLS a potential concern to the seed industry should it become established in areas of hybrid seed production.

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