Potential Biomarkers of Metastasizing Paragangliomas and Pheochromocytomas

Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine tumors located primarily in the head and neck region, but they can also occur at other sites. Confirming the preoperative diagnosis and detecting synchronous tumors may be difficult in some patients. Octreotide is a somatostatin analog that, when coupled to a radioisotope, produces a scintigraphic image of tumors expressing somatostatin type 2 receptors. Paragangliomas, like many neuroendocrine tumors, have been found to have a high density of somatostatin type 2 receptors on the cell surface. This study compared the results of preoperative octreotide scintigraphy with the histopathology in 21 patients who underwent surgery for presumed head and neck paragangliomas. Octreotide scan findings were positive in 16 patients with paragangliomas and negative in 3 patients with other pathology. One false-positive and 1 false-negative result were obtained. Thus, this test had an accuracy of 90%, a sensitivity of 94%, and a specificity of 75%. Previously unidentified synchronous tumors were identified in 5 patients. On the basis of this series of patients, octreotide scintigraphy appears to be a reliable test to detect paragangliomas and may be quite helpful in preoperative planning.

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Paragangliomas of the Head and Neck: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Review of Detailed Anatomy of Sites of Origin

Neurographics ◽

10.3174/ng.1900045 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 211-222

Author(s):

S.E. Noujaim ◽

K.T. Brown ◽

D.T. Walker ◽

C.D. Hasbrook

Keyword(s):

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Head And Neck ◽

Temporal Bone ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

The Body ◽

Imaging Characteristics ◽

Jugular Fossa ◽

Slow Growing ◽

Carotid Space ◽

Head And Neck Paragangliomas

Paragangliomas are slow-growing hypervascular neuroendocrine tumors that arise from neural crest paraganglia cells distributed throughout the body. The purpose of this article is to review the clinical presentation and imaging characteristics of paragangliomas of the head and neck, based on their sites of origin, and to discuss the differential diagnosis of lesions that can mimic them. This article also reviews detailed anatomy of the jugular fossa, temporal bone, and the carotid space, where most head and neck paragangliomas are found. This article is intended for neuroradiologists and neuroradiology trainees with varying degrees of experience as well as a broader audience of physician radiologists and nonradiologists who use imaging of the head and neck in their daily practice.Learning Objective: To recognize the clinical presentation and imaging characteristics of paragangliomas of the head and neck, based on their sites of origin, and to differentiate these tumors from lesions that can mimic them.

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Laryngeal paraganglioma in a patient with multiple head and neck paragangliomas

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1016/j.otohns.2004.05.015 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 132 (3) ◽

pp. 520-522 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Adam D. Rubin ◽

Sara S. Cheng ◽

Carol R. Bradford

Keyword(s):

Head And Neck ◽

Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽

Carotid Body ◽

Additional Case ◽

Carotid Body Tumor ◽

Head And Neck Paragangliomas ◽

Synchronous Lesion

Paragangliomas of the larynx are rare neuroendocrine tumors, with fewer than 70 cases reported in the literature. 1 Typically, laryngeal paragangliomas are not found in patients with multicentric or familial paragangliomas. Only 1 case of laryngeal paraganglioma has been reported in a patient with a synchronous lesion elsewhere (carotid body tumor). 2 We report an additional case of a patient with a laryngeal and multiple other paragangliomas.

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LncRNAs as Therapeutic Targets and Potential Biomarkers for Lipid-Related Diseases

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.729745 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Shi-Feng Huang ◽

Xiao-Fei Peng ◽

Lianggui Jiang ◽

Ching Yuan Hu ◽

Wen-Chu Ye

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Therapeutic Targets ◽

Lipid Homeostasis ◽

Hormone Regulation ◽

Future Studies ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Potential Biomarkers

Lipid metabolism is an essential biological process involved in nutrient adjustment, hormone regulation, and lipid homeostasis. An irregular lifestyle and long-term nutrient overload can cause lipid-related diseases, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI), obesity, and fatty liver diseases. Thus, novel tools for efficient diagnosis and treatment of dysfunctional lipid metabolism are urgently required. Furthermore, it is known that lncRNAs based regulation like sponging microRNAs (miRNAs) or serving as a reservoir for microRNAs play an essential role in the progression of lipid-related diseases. Accordingly, a better understanding of the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in lipid-related diseases would provide the basis for identifying potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for lipid-related diseases. This review highlighted the latest advances on the potential biomarkers of lncRNAs in lipid-related diseases and summarised current knowledge on dysregulated lncRNAs and their potential molecular mechanisms. We have also provided novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of lncRNAs which might serve as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for lipid-related diseases. The information presented here may be useful for designing future studies and advancing investigations of lncRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of lipid-related diseases.

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Epigenetic Modifiers as Novel Therapeutic Targets and a Systematic Review of Clinical Studies Investigating Epigenetic Inhibitors in Head and Neck Cancer

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers13205241 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (20) ◽

pp. 5241

Author(s):

Kyunghee Burkitt ◽

Vassiliki Saloura

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Head And Neck Cancer ◽

Side Effects ◽

Head And Neck ◽

Neck Cancer ◽

Rational Design ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Therapeutic Targets ◽

Current Standard ◽

Epigenetic Modifiers

The survival rate of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients with the current standard of care therapy is suboptimal and is associated with long-term side effects. Novel therapeutics that will improve survival rates while minimizing treatment-related side effects are the focus of active investigation. Epigenetic modifications have been recognized as potential therapeutic targets in various cancer types, including head and neck cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the function of important epigenetic modifiers in head and neck cancer, their clinical implications and discusses results of clinical trials evaluating epigenetic interventions in past and ongoing clinical trials as monotherapy or combination therapy with either chemotherapy, radiotherapy or immunotherapy. Understanding the function of epigenetic modifiers in both preclinical and clinical settings will provide insight into a more rational design of clinical trials using epigenetic interventions and the patient subgroups that may benefit from such interventions.

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Octreotide scintigraphy for the detection of paragangliomas

Otolaryngology ◽

10.1067/mhn.2000.102575 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 122 (3) ◽

pp. 358-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Fred F. Telischi ◽

Andres Bustillo ◽

Michelle L. H. Whiteman ◽

Aldo N. Serafini ◽

Michael J. Reisberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Head And Neck ◽

Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽

False Negative ◽

Neck Region ◽

Synchronous Tumors ◽

Head And Neck Region ◽

Octreotide Scintigraphy ◽

Octreotide Scan ◽

Head And Neck Paragangliomas

Paragangliomas are neuroendocrine tumors located primarily in the head and neck region, but they can also occur at other sites. Confirming the preoperative diagnosis and detecting synchronous tumors may be difficult in some patients. Octreotide is a somatostatin analog that, when coupled to a radioisotope, produces a scintigraphic image of tumors expressing somatostatin type 2 receptors. Paragangliomas, like many neuroendocrine tumors, have been found to have a high density of somatostatin type 2 receptors on the cell surface. This study compared the results of preoperative octreotide scintigraphy with the histopathology in 21 patients who underwent surgery for presumed head and neck paragangliomas. Octreotide scan findings were positive in 16 patients with paragangliomas and negative in 3 patients with other pathology. One false-positive and 1 false-negative result were obtained. Thus, this test had an accuracy of 90%, a sensitivity of 94%, and a specificity of 75%. Previously unidentified synchronous tumors were identified in 5 patients. On the basis of this series of patients, octreotide scintigraphy appears to be a reliable test to detect paragangliomas and may be quite helpful in preoperative planning.

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