Fused Deposition Modeling of Poly (lactic acid)/Macadamia Composites—Thermal, Mechanical Properties and Scaffolds

In this work Macadamia nutshell (MS) was used as filler in fused deposition modeling (FDM) of Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) composites filaments. Composites containing MS both treated and untreated with alkali and silane were investigated by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetry (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the treated MS composites had better thermal stability. Furthermore, compression tests were carried out. The PLA with 10 wt% treated MS composite was found possessing the best mechanical properties which was almost equivalent to that of the pure PLA. Finally, porous scaffolds of PLA/10 wt% treated MS were fabricated. The scaffolds exhibited various porosities in range of 30–65%, interconnected holes in size of 0.3–0.5 mm, micro pores with dimension of 0.1–1 μm and 37.92–244.46 MPa of elastic modulus. Those values indicated that the FDM of PLA/MS composites have the potential to be used as weight lighter and structural parts.

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Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites for Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10122567 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2567

Author(s):

Madison Bardot ◽

Michael D. Schulz

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Ecological Crisis ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Fused Deposition Modelling ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Biodegradable Poly ◽

Deposition Modeling

3D printing by fused deposition modelling (FDM) enables rapid prototyping and fabrication of parts with complex geometries. Unfortunately, most materials suitable for FDM 3D printing are non-degradable, petroleum-based polymers. The current ecological crisis caused by plastic waste has produced great interest in biodegradable materials for many applications, including 3D printing. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), in particular, has been extensively investigated for FDM applications. However, most biodegradable polymers, including PLA, have insufficient mechanical properties for many applications. One approach to overcoming this challenge is to introduce additives that enhance the mechanical properties of PLA while maintaining FDM 3D printability. This review focuses on PLA-based nanocomposites with cellulose, metal-based nanoparticles, continuous fibers, carbon-based nanoparticles, or other additives. These additives impact both the physical properties and printability of the resulting nanocomposites. We also detail the optimal conditions for using these materials in FDM 3D printing. These approaches demonstrate the promise of developing nanocomposites that are both biodegradable and mechanically robust.

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Fused Deposition Modeling of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Walnut Shell Biocomposite Filaments—Surface Treatment and Properties

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9224892 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (22) ◽

pp. 4892 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Xiaohui Song ◽

Wei He ◽

Shoufeng Yang ◽

Guoren Huang ◽

Tonghan Yang

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Walnut Shell ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Modeling Technology ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

Shell Powder ◽

Silane Concentration

This paper presents the study of the properties of objects that were fabricated with fused deposition modeling technology while using Poly (lactic acid)/Walnut shell powder (PLA/WSP) biocomposite filaments. The WSP was treated while using NaOH followed by silane. The infrared spectrum of treated and untreated WSP was characterized. The result was that thermal and mechanical properties could be improved by adjusting the concentration of silane. The experimental results showed: the surface compatibility between WSP and PLA was dramatically improved through treatment with KH550. The crystalline, thermal gravity, and thermal degradation temperatures of biocomposite with untreated WSP were improved from 1.46%, 60.3 °C, and 239.87 °C to 2.84%, 61.3 °C, and 276.37 °C for the biocomposites with treated WSP, respectively. The tensile, flexural, and compressive strengths of biocomposites were raised each by 8.07%, 14.66%, and 23.32%. With the determined silane concentration, PLA/10–15 wt.% treated WSP biocomposites were processed and tested. The results showed that the tensile strength was improved to 56.2 MPa, which is very near to that of pure PLA. Finally, the porous scaffolds with controllable porosity and pore size were manufactured.

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Combinational processing of 3D printing and electrospinning of hierarchical poly(lactic acid)/gelatin-forsterite scaffolds as a biocomposite: Mechanical and biological assessment

10.31224/osf.io/yt6w7 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Saman Naghieh ◽

Ehsan Foroozmehr ◽

Mohsen Badrossamay ◽

Mahshid Kharaziha

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Biological Assessment ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Apatite Formation ◽

Compression Tests ◽

Sem Images ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling

In this research, hierarchical scaffolds including poly(lactic acid) (PLA) micro struts and nanocomposite gelatin-forsterite fibrous layers were developed using fused deposition modeling (FDM) and electrospinning (ES), respectively. Briefly, geometrically various groups of pure PLA scaffolds (interconnected pores of 230 to 390 μm) were fabricated using FDM technique. After mechanical evaluation, ES technique was utilized to develop gelatin-forsterite nanofibrous layer. To study these scaffolds, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and uniaxial compression tests were performed. Furthermore, bioactivity of the scaffolds was evaluated by immersing in the simulated body fluid and apatite formation on the surface of the scaffolds was investigated. Results depicted that elastic modulus of PLA/gelatin-forsterite scaffolds, fabricated by a combinational approach, was significantly higher than that of pure one (about 52%). SEM images showed the formation of calcium phosphate-like precipitates on the surface of these scaffolds, confirming the effects of nanocomposite fibrous layer on the improved bioactivity of the scaffolds. Regarding the obtained biological as well as mechanical properties, the developed bio-composite scaffolds can be used as a biocompatible candidate for bone tissue regeneration.

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Idealization through interactive modeling and experimental assessment of 3D-printed gyroid for trabecular bone scaffold

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part H Journal of Engineering in Medicine ◽

10.1177/09544119211022988 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095441192110229

Author(s):

Yogesh Tripathi ◽

Mukul Shukla ◽

Amba D. Bhatt

Keyword(s):

Trabecular Bone ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

Bone Scaffold ◽

Compression Tests ◽

Modeling Framework ◽

Interactive Modeling ◽

Native Bone ◽

Fused Deposition

Porous scaffolds assisted bone tissue engineering is a viable alternative for reconstruction of large segmental bone defects caused by bone pathologies or trauma. In the current study, we intend to develop trabecular bone scaffolds using gyroid architecture. An interactive modeling framework is developed for the design of three-dimensional gyroid scaffolds using advanced generative tools including K3DSurf, MeshLab, and Netfabb. The suggested modeling approach resulted in uniform and interconnected pores. Subsequently, fused deposition modeling 3D-printing is employed to fabricate the scaffolds using poly lactic acid material. The pores interconnectivity, porosity, and surface finish of the fabricated scaffolds are characterized using micro-computer tomography and scanning electron microscopy. Additionally, to assess the performance of scaffolds as a bone substitute, compression, and in-vitro biocompatibility tests on sterilized scaffolds are conducted. Compression tests reveal mechanical strength in the range of native bone while human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells show high proliferation after 72 h of incubation. Based on these results, the fabricated gyroid scaffolds can be said to possess favorable properties for trabecular bone scaffold.

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Development of three-dimensional printing filaments based on poly(lactic acid)/hydroxyapatite composites with potential for tissue engineering

Journal of Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/0021998320988568 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002199832098856

Author(s):

Marcela Piassi Bernardo ◽

Bruna Cristina Rodrigues da Silva ◽

Luiz Henrique Capparelli Mattoso

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Lactic Acid ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Three Dimensional Printing ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Deposition Modeling ◽

3D Printed

Injured bone tissues can be healed with scaffolds, which could be manufactured using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) strategy. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most biocompatible polymers suitable for FDM, while hydroxyapatite (HA) could improve the bioactivity of scaffold due to its chemical composition. Therefore, the combination of PLA/HA can create composite filaments adequate for FDM and with high osteoconductive and osteointegration potentials. In this work, we proposed a different approache to improve the potential bioactivity of 3D printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering by increasing the HA loading (20-30%) in the PLA composite filaments. Two routes were investigated regarding the use of solvents in the filament production. To assess the suitability of the FDM-3D printing process, and the influence of the HA content on the polymer matrix, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. The HA phase content of the composite filaments agreed with the initial composite proportions. The wettability of the 3D printed scaffolds was also increased. It was shown a greener route for obtaining composite filaments that generate scaffolds with properties similar to those obtained by the solvent casting, with high HA content and great potential to be used as a bone graft.

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