scholarly journals Neutron and X-ray Diffraction Analysis of Macro and Phase-Specific Micro Residual Stresses in Deep Rolled Duplex Stainless Steels

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 1854
Author(s):  
Samuel Pulvermacher ◽  
Tobias Bücker ◽  
Jan Šaroun ◽  
Joana Rebelo-Kornmeier ◽  
Michael Hofmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Analysis ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Depth Distributions

Experimental analyses of depth distributions of phase-specific residual stresses after deep rolling were carried out by means of laboratory X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction for the two duplex steels X2CrNiMoN22-5-3 and X3CrNiMoN27-5-2, which differ significantly in their ferrite to austenite ratios. The aim of the investigation was to elucidate to which extent comparable results can be achieved with the destructive and the non-destructive approach and how the process induced phase-specific micro residual stresses influence the determination of the phase- and {hkl}-specific reference value d0, required for evaluation of neutron strain scanning experiments. A further focus of the work was the applicability of correction approaches that were developed originally for single-phase materials for accounting for spurious strains during through surface neutron scanning experiments on coarse two-phase materials. The depth distributions of macro residual stresses were separated from the phase-specific micro residual stresses. In this regard, complementary residual stress analysis was carried out by means of incremental hole drilling. The results indicate that meaningful macro residual stress depth distributions can be determined non-destructively by means of neutron diffraction for depths starting at about 150–200 µm. Furthermore, it was shown that the correction of the instrumental surface effects, which are intrinsic for surface neutron strain scanning, through neutron ray-tracing simulation is applicable to multiphase materials and yields reliable results. However, phase-specific micro residual stresses determined by means of neutron diffraction show significant deviations to data determined by means of lab X-ray stress analysis according to the well-known sin2ψ-method.

Non-Destructive Residual Stress Analysis of Induction Hardened Components by Neutron and X-Ray Diffraction

2013 ◽  
Vol 768-769 ◽  
pp. 420-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Epp ◽  
Thilo Pirling ◽  
Thomas Hirsch
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Analysis ◽  
Stress Gradient ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Neutron Measurement ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Layer Removal ◽  
Residual Stress Analysis

In this paper the microstructural and residual-stress analysis of an induction hardened plate of medium carbon steel is described. The stress gradient was determined using laboratory X-ray diffraction (IWT, Bremen, Germany) and neutron strain scanning (ILL, Grenoble, France). Due to slight variations of chemical composition in the depth, matchstick like (cross section 2×2mm²) d0-reference samples were prepared from a similarly treated sample. The d0shift induced by variation of chemical composition was measured by neutron and by X-ray diffraction along the strain free direction (sin²ψ*) and used for the evaluation of the neutron stress calculation. The d0distribution obtained from the neutron measurement did not appear reliable while the method using X-ray diffraction seems to be an efficient and reliable method to determine d0profiles in small samples. The evaluation of neutron measurements was then done using the X-ray diffraction d0distribution. High compressive residual stresses were measured in the hardened layer followed by high tensile residual stresses in the core. A comparison of the neutron measurements with X-ray diffraction (XRD) depth profiles obtained after successive layer removal showed that both methods give similar results. However, these investigations opened the question about the direct comparison of the residual stresses obtained by neutron and XRD. Indeed, a correction of the neutron data regarding the residual stresses in thickness direction might be necessary as these are released in the case of X-ray diffraction measurements after layer removal.

Experimental Comparison of In-Depth Residual Stresses Measured with Neutron and X-Ray Diffraction with a Numerical Stress Relaxation Correction Method

2017 ◽  
Vol 905 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Bruno Levieil ◽  
Florent Bridier ◽  
Cédric Doudard ◽  
Vincent Klosek ◽  
David Thévenet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Experimental Comparison ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Notched Specimen ◽  
X Ray

This study is an experimental comparison of in-depth X-ray diffraction residual stress measurements with neutron diffraction measurements. The goal is to evaluate the relevance of the Savaria-Bridier-Bocher [1] stress relaxation correction method. Neutron diffraction are performed on a bent notched specimen. Destructive X-ray diffraction is performed until 5.25mm below the surface by polishing the material. This polishing induces stress relaxation and X-ray diffraction results have to be corrected. For that purpose, a finite element analysis is realised and show good correlation with neutron measurements results. The application of the stress correction method improves the X-ray measurements especially after 2 mm below the surface. The differences between measured and corrected residual stresses from both diffraction techniques are analyzed and discussed.

Shakedown During Fatigue of Residual Stresses Introduced by Different Mechanical Surface Treatments

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Gill ◽  
Philip J. Withers ◽  
Alex Evans ◽  
Neil Fox ◽  
Koichi Akita
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Glass Bead ◽  
Compressive Residual Stress ◽  
Cold Work ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cold Worked

A layer of compressive residual stress extending from the surface of a component can help to extend fatigue life, but it must remain stable during applied service loading. Metal shot and glass bead peening are traditionally used; introducing a shallow (100–300μm) layer of compressive residual stress and a highly cold worked surface. Laser peening and deep rolling are capable of introducing much deeper compressive residual stresses combined with lower levels of cold work. In this paper we report on the level of shakedown of residual stress brought about by constant strain amplitude fatigue. Glass and metal shot peened, laser peened and deep rolled Ti-6Al-4V samples have been studied. The residual stress profiles as a function of depth have been measured using neutron diffraction, laboratory x-ray diffraction and a hybrid hole-drilling/laboratory x-ray diffraction method. The magnitude and depth of cold work determined for each of the treatment methods. The extent of subsequent residual stress shakedown under different strain amplitudes and load ratios, in deep rolled, glass bead and metal shot peened samples is also assessed.

Through Thickness Residual Stress Measurements by Neutron Diffraction and Hole Drilling in a Single Laser-Peened Spot on a Thin Aluminium Plate

2013 ◽  
Vol 772 ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Burak Toparli ◽  
Michael E. Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Peak ◽  
Thin Plates ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Stress Profile ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stress Measurements ◽  
Incremental Hole Drilling

Residual stress measurements are very challenging in thin aluminium plates. Rolling-induced crystallographic texture can lead to an S-shape fit when using the sin2ψ method for surface X-ray diffraction. Peak broadening and missing peaks can also be observed for synchrotron X-ray diffraction with conventional θ/2θ scanning due to texture. In addition, when measuring near the plate surfaces, partially-filled gauge volumes in diffraction experiments will lead to “pseudo-strains”, an apparent shift between measured and actual positions for the diffraction peak. Obtaining a meaningful value of d0 for strain calculations is another issue for diffraction experiments in thin plates. The low thickness also offers challenges for destructive methods including incremental hole drilling, i.e. there is no defined ASTM standard for measuring non-uniform residual stress profile for thin plates. In this work, 2-mm-thick Al2024-T351 plate was investigated for residual stress fields due to laser peening. Neutron diffraction measurements were carried out at POLDI (Pulse Overlap time-of-flight Diffractometer) in PSI, Switzerland and the results are compared with incremental hole drilling.

Bridging Gaps in Surface Zone Residual Stress Analysis Using Complementary Probes for Strain Depth Profiling

2011 ◽  
Vol 681 ◽  
pp. 411-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tillman Fuß ◽  
Robert C. Wimpory ◽  
M. Klaus ◽  
C. Genzel
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Stress Analysis ◽  
Depth Profiling ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
Surface Zone ◽  
Depth Range ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hole Drilling Method ◽  
Drilling Method

Residual stress depth profiling can be performed by means of non-destructive diffraction methods as well as semi destructive mechanical techniques like the hole drilling method. By none of these methods is it possible to cover the complete depth range being affected by residual stress fields which extend from the surface into the volume of the material. In this paper it is demonstrated that the combined application of surface sensitive X-ray methods and neutron diffraction used normally for bulk stress analysis allows for the study of residual stress gradients generated by mechanical surface treatment. Furthermore, it is shown that the hole drilling method can bridge the information gap between X-ray and neutron diffraction.

Effect of Boriding Time on Microstructure and Residual Stresses in Borided Highly Alloyed X210CR12 Steel

2014 ◽  
Vol 606 ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdenek Pala ◽  
Radek Mušálek ◽  
Jiří Kyncl ◽  
Petr Harcuba ◽  
Josef Stráský ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Chemical Polishing ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Borided Layer ◽  
Depth Distributions

Boriding of highly alloyed steels done with the aim of increasing their wear resistance faces several issues connected with the microstructure of the base material and restraints during the diffusion of boron. The aim of the performed analyses was to ascertain whether significant increase of boriding time can enhance the surface hardness, contribute to creation of more compact microstructure and even lead to beneficial state of residual stresses in the borided layer. Using combination of X-ray diffraction and electro-chemical polishing, residual stress depth distributions in few tens of micrometres thick borided layers were obtained.

Measuring the Variation of Residual Stress with Depth: A Validation Exercise for Fine Incremental Hole Drilling

2006 ◽  
Vol 524-525 ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Tony Fry ◽  
Jerry D. Lord
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Hole Drilling ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Surface Residual Stress ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Incremental Hole Drilling ◽  
Significant Interest

Hole drilling along with X-Ray diffraction, is one of the most widely used techniques for measuring residual stress, but the conventional approach is limited in the near surface detail that can be resolved. Because of concerns regarding the levels of induced residual stress that might develop during machining and surface treatment processes, there is significant interest in developing a technique that can obtain near surface residual stress information by the application of fine increment hole drilling. Through a cross comparison with X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction the procedure of fine incremental drilling has been validated, and the advantages of this technique demonstrated.

Residual Stress Analysis with Neutrons

1989 ◽  
Vol 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron D. Krawitz
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Stress Analysis ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Sampling Depth ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Stress Studies ◽  
Residual Stress Analysis

ABSTRACTThe use of neutrons for the measurement of stress is complementary to and extends traditional x-ray diffraction methods to new types of problems. This is due to the lower absorption of neutrons compared to x-rays by most engineering materials, which increases the sampling depth from microns to millimeters. It is particularly suitable for triaxial macrostress gradients through the depth of engineering components and volumetric microstresses in composites. In addition, applied stress studies may also be performed. This paper briefly describes the nature of residual stresses, the use of diffraction for stress measurements, experimental aspects of the use of neutrons, and illustrative applications.

A Comparison of X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction Measurement of Lattice Parameters for the Determination of Residual Stress and Chemical Composition in Zirconium Alloy Tubes

1991 ◽  
Vol 35 (A) ◽  
pp. 475-480
Author(s):  
M. Griffiths ◽  
J.E. Winegar ◽  
J.F. Mecke ◽  
T.M. Holden ◽  
R.A. Holt
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stress ◽  
Neutron Diffraction ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Zirconium Alloys ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Lattice Parameters ◽  
Surface Relaxation ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

AbstractIntergranular residual stresses can exist in zirconium alloys, especially when there is a large distribution of grain orientations. The stresses result from the anisotropic plasticity and thermal expansion of the hexagonal close-packed crystal structure of α-zirconium. Apart from complicating the characterisation of materials using lattice parameter measurements, the intergranular stresses can significantly affect material behaviour, especially in nuclear reactor environments, and there is therefore a great deal of interest in their measurement.The effects of specimen preparation and surface relaxation on X-ray diffraction measurements of lattice parameters of zirconium alloys have been investigated by comparing bulk neutron diffraction with X-ray diffraction on identical materials. The results show that: (i) intergranular or interphase residual stresses exist in dual-phase Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes; (ii) the stresses normal to the surface of an X-ray diffraction specimen are not relieved completely when there are intergranular residual stresses in the material. One can conclude that intergranular stresses have to be considered when determining chemical compositions from lattice parameter measurements and also when measuring macroscopic residual stress using X-ray diffraction.

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