Conductive Polyaniline Patterns on Electrospun Polycaprolactone/Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Currently, the challenge for bone tissue engineering is to design a scaffold that would mimic the structure and biological functions of the extracellular matrix and would be able to direct the appropriate response of cells through electrochemical signals, thus stimulate faster bone formation. The purpose of the presented research was to perform and evaluate PCL/n-HAp scaffolds locally modified with a conductive polymer-polyaniline. The material was obtained using electrospinning, and a simple ink-jet printing method was applied to receive the conductive polyaniline patterns on the surface of the electrospun materials. The samples of scaffolds were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (DSC, TGA), and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) before and after immersion of the material in Simulated Body Fluid. The effect of PANI patterns on changes in the SBF mineralization process and cell morphology was evaluated in order to prove that the presented material enables the growth and proliferation of bone cells.

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Correlating cell morphology and osteoid mineralization relative to strain profile for bone tissue engineering applications

Journal of The Royal Society Interface ◽

10.1098/rsif.2007.1265 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 5 (25) ◽

pp. 899-907 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M.A Wood ◽

Y Yang ◽

E Baas ◽

D.O Meredith ◽

R.G Richards ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Cell Morphology ◽

Bone Cells ◽

Calcium Deposition ◽

Cell Behaviour ◽

Local Strains ◽

Strain Profile ◽

Pore Model

A number of bone tissue engineering strategies use porous three-dimensional scaffolds in combination with bioreactor regimes. The ability to understand cell behaviour relative to strain profile will allow for the effects of mechanical conditioning in bone tissue engineering to be realized and optimized. We have designed a model system to investigate the effects of strain profile on bone cell behaviour. This simplified model has been designed with a view to providing insight into the types of strain distribution occurring across a single pore of a scaffold subjected to perfusion–compression conditioning. Local strains were calculated at the surface of the pore model using finite-element analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was used in secondary electron mode to identify cell morphology within the pore relative to local strains, while backscattered electron detection in combination with X-ray microanalysis was used to identify calcium deposition. Morphology was altered according to the level of strain experienced by bone cells, where cells subjected to compressive strains (up to 0.61%) appeared extremely rounded while those experiencing zero and tensile strain (up to 0.81%) were well spread. Osteoid mineralization was similarly shown to be dose dependent with respect to substrate strain within the pore model, with the highest level of calcium deposition identified in the intermediate zones of tension/compression.

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Protocol of Co-Culture of Human Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts to Test Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering

Methods and Protocols ◽

10.3390/mps5010008 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Giorgia Borciani ◽

Giorgia Montalbano ◽

Nicola Baldini ◽

Chiara Vitale-Brovarone ◽

Gabriela Ciapetti

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Bone Cells ◽

Bone Cell ◽

Seeding Density ◽

Bone Homeostasis ◽

Bone Microenvironment

New biomaterials and scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications require to be tested in a bone microenvironment reliable model. On this assumption, the in vitro laboratory protocols with bone cells represent worthy experimental systems improving our knowledge about bone homeostasis, reducing the costs of experimentation. To this day, several models of the bone microenvironment are reported in the literature, but few delineate a protocol for testing new biomaterials using bone cells. Herein we propose a clear protocol to set up an indirect co-culture system of human-derived osteoblasts and osteoclast precursors, providing well-defined criteria such as the cell seeding density, cell:cell ratio, the culture medium, and the proofs of differentiation. The material to be tested may be easily introduced in the system and the cell response analyzed. The physical separation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts allows distinguishing the effects of the material onto the two cell types and to evaluate the correlation between material and cell behavior, cell morphology, and adhesion. The whole protocol requires about 4 to 6 weeks with an intermediate level of expertise. The system is an in vitro model of the bone remodeling system useful in testing innovative materials for bone regeneration, and potentially exploitable in different application fields. The use of human primary cells represents a close replica of the bone cell cooperation in vivo and may be employed as a feasible system to test materials and scaffolds for bone substitution and regeneration.

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Cuttlefish Bone-Derived Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds Coated with Sol-Gel Derived Bioactive Glass

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12172711 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (17) ◽

pp. 2711

Author(s):

Ana S. Neto ◽

Daniela Brazete ◽

José M.F. Ferreira

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Calcium Phosphates ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Biological Properties ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Bioactive Glasses ◽

Hydrothermal Transformation

The combination of calcium phosphates with bioactive glasses (BG) has received an increased interest in the field of bone tissue engineering. In the present work, biphasic calcium phosphates (BCP) obtained by hydrothermal transformation of cuttlefish bone (CB) were coated with a Sr-, Mg- and Zn-doped sol-gel derived BG. The scaffolds were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The initial CB structure was maintained after hydrothermal transformation (HT) and the scaffold functionalization did not jeopardize the internal structure. The results of the in-vitro bioactivity after immersing the BG coated scaffolds in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 15 days showed the formation of apatite on the surface of the scaffolds. Overall, the functionalized CB derived BCP scaffolds revealed promising properties, but further assessment of the in-vitro biological properties is needed before being considered for their use in bone tissue engineering applications.

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Hydroxyapatite/Biopolymers Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.493-494.826 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 493-494 ◽

pp. 826-831

Author(s):

A.C.B.M. Fook ◽

Thiago Bizerra Fideles ◽

R.C. Barbosa ◽

G.T.F.S. Furtado ◽

G.Y.H. Sampaio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Porous Scaffolds ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Interconnected Pores

The application of a hybrid composite consisting of biopolymer and calcium phosphate, similar morphology and properties of natural bone, may be a way to solve the problem of the fragility of ceramics without reducing its mechanical properties, retaining the properties of biocompatibility and high bioactivity. This work aims at the preparation and characterization of three-dimensional scaffolds composite HA / biopolymers (chitosan and gelatin). The freeze-drying technique was employed in this study to obtain these frameworks and partial results showed the effectiveness of this method. This involved the study of structural, chemical and morphological frameworks, in order to direct the research suggested the application. The X Ray Diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy and Fourier transform (FTIR) results confirmed the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) phase and the presence of characteristic bands of HA and biopolymers in all compositions. The microstructure of the scaffolds study conducted by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed the formation of longitudinally oriented microchannels with interconnected pores. In all compositions the porous scaffolds showed varying sizes and mostly larger than 100μm, and is therefore considered materials with potential for application in bone tissue engineering.

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Reinforcing of Porous Hydroxyapatite Ceramics with Hydroxyapatite Fibres for Enhanced Bone Tissue Engineering

Journal of Biomimetics Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbte.10.67 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 67-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lie Feng Liang ◽

Xiao Yi Han ◽

Xiao Cai Yan ◽

Jie Weng

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Test Machine ◽

Porous Structures ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Porous Hydroxyapatite ◽

Hydroxyapatite Ceramics ◽

Ceramic Implants

Porous hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic implants have attracted attention in bone tissue engineering due to their excellent bioactivity and biocompatibility due to their chemical similarity with the mineral component of natural bone. Unfortunately, HA when is formed into porous structures exhibits very low compression strength. In this study, fabrication of porous HA ceramic scaffolds containing HA fibers is presented. The primary aim of the study is to improve mechanical properties of the scaffold by introducing the fiber with uniform component relative to the scaffold. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the surface morphology and pore size of the scaffold. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to detect the phase composition and crystallinity of the scaffold. The compressive strength was determined using a universal material test machine. The results and the characterizations demonstrate the addition of HA fiber could enhance the uniformity of mechanical properties among samples and also the strength for a given open porosity.

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Bone cells in cultures on nanocarbon-based materials for potential bone tissue engineering: A review

physica status solidi (a) ◽

10.1002/pssa.201431402 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 211 (12) ◽

pp. 2688-2702 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Lucie Bacakova ◽

Ivana Kopova ◽

Lubica Stankova ◽

Jana Liskova ◽

Jiri Vacik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Bone Cells

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Is There a Governing Role of Osteocytes in Bone Tissue Regeneration?

Current Osteoporosis Reports ◽

10.1007/s11914-020-00610-6 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 541-550

Author(s):

Wei Cao ◽

Marco N. Helder ◽

Nathalie Bravenboer ◽

Gang Wu ◽

Jianfeng Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Regeneration ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Bone Remodeling ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Bone Cells ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Osteoblast Activity

Abstract Purpose of Review Bone regeneration plays an important role in contemporary clinical treatment. Bone tissue engineering should result in successful bone regeneration to restore congenital or acquired bone defects in the human skeleton. Osteocytes are thought to have a governing role in bone remodeling by regulating osteoclast and osteoblast activity, and thus bone loss and formation. In this review, we address the so far largely unknown role osteocytes may play in bone tissue regeneration. Recent Findings Osteocytes release biochemical signaling molecules involved in bone remodeling such as prostaglandins, nitric oxide, Wnts, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Treatment of mesenchymal stem cells in bone tissue engineering with prostaglandins (e.g., PGE2, PGI2, PGF2α), nitric oxide, IGF-1, or Wnts (e.g., Wnt3a) improves osteogenesis. Summary This review provides an overview of the functions of osteocytes in bone tissue, their interaction with other bone cells, and their role in bone remodeling. We postulate that osteocytes may have a pivotal role in bone regeneration as well, and consequently that the bone regeneration process may be improved effectively and rapidly if osteocytes are optimally used and stimulated.

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Biological evaluation of micro-patterned hyaluronic acid hydrogel for bone tissue engineering

Pure and Applied Chemistry ◽

10.1515/pac-2014-0613 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 86 (12) ◽

pp. 1911-1922 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Hyo Seung Park ◽

Su Yeon Lee ◽

Hyunsik Yoon ◽

Insup Noh

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Hyaluronic Acid ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Bone Cells ◽

Cell Attachment ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Biological Evaluation ◽

Micro Patterning

Abstract Design of micro-patterning of hydrogel is of critical importance in both understanding cellular behaviors and mimicking controlled microenvironments and architectures of diverse well-organized tissues. After micro-patterning of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel on a poly(dimethyl siloxane) substrate, its physical and biological properties have been compared with those of a non-patterned hydrogel for its possible applications in bone tissue engineering. The micro-patterned morphologies of HA hydrogel in both swollen and dehydrated forms have been observed with light microscope and scanning electron microscope, respectively, before and after in vitro cell culture. When MC3T3 bone cells were in vitro cultured on both HA hydrogels, the micro-patterned one shows excellence in cell proliferation and lining for 7 days along the micro-pattern paths over those of the non-patterned one, which have shown less cell-adhesiveness. The cytotoxicity of the micro-patterned HA hydrogels was in vitro evaluated by the assays of MTT, BrdU and Neutral red. The viability and morphology of MC3T3 cells on both HA hydrogels were observed with a fluorescence microscope by the live & dead assay, where their viability was confirmed by staining of F-actin development. The results of their H&E staining showed that both micro-patterned and non-patterned hydrogels induced development of tissue regeneration as observed by cell attachment, proliferation, and survivability, but the micro-patterned one induced distinctive patterning of both better initial cells adhesion on the micro-patterns and subsequently development of their proliferation and extracellular matrix, which were considered as important characteristics in their applications to tissue engineering.

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Nanosized Mesoporous Bioactive Glass/Poly(lactic-co-glycolic Acid) Composite-Coated CaSiO3Scaffolds with Multifunctional Properties for Bone Tissue Engineering

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/323046 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Mengchao Shi ◽

Dong Zhai ◽

Lang Zhao ◽

Chengtie Wu ◽

Jiang Chang

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Mechanical Strength ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Glycolic Acid ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Simulated Body Fluids ◽

Mesoporous Bioactive Glass

It is of great importance to prepare multifunctional scaffolds combining good mechanical strength, bioactivity, and drug delivery ability for bone tissue engineering. In this study, nanosized mesoporous bioglass/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) composite-coated calcium silicate scaffolds, named NMBG-PLGA/CS, were successfully prepared. The morphology and structure of the prepared scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The effects of NMBG on the apatite mineralization activity and mechanical strength of the scaffolds and the attachment, proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase activity of MC3T3 cells as well as drug ibuprofen delivery properties were systematically studied. Compared to pure CS scaffolds and PLGA/CS scaffolds, the prepared NMBG-PLGA/CS scaffolds had greatly improved apatite mineralization activity in simulated body fluids, much higher mechanical property, and supported the attachment of MC3T3 cells and enhanced the cell proliferation and ALP activity. Furthermore, the prepared NMBG-PLGA/CS scaffolds could be used for delivering ibuprofen with a sustained release profile. Our study suggests that the prepared NMBG-PLGA/CS scaffolds have improved physicochemical, biological, and drug-delivery property as compared to conventional CS scaffolds, indicating that the multifunctional property of the prepared scaffolds for the potential application of bone tissue engineering.

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