Is There a Governing Role of Osteocytes in Bone Tissue Regeneration?

Abstract Purpose of Review Bone regeneration plays an important role in contemporary clinical treatment. Bone tissue engineering should result in successful bone regeneration to restore congenital or acquired bone defects in the human skeleton. Osteocytes are thought to have a governing role in bone remodeling by regulating osteoclast and osteoblast activity, and thus bone loss and formation. In this review, we address the so far largely unknown role osteocytes may play in bone tissue regeneration. Recent Findings Osteocytes release biochemical signaling molecules involved in bone remodeling such as prostaglandins, nitric oxide, Wnts, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Treatment of mesenchymal stem cells in bone tissue engineering with prostaglandins (e.g., PGE2, PGI2, PGF2α), nitric oxide, IGF-1, or Wnts (e.g., Wnt3a) improves osteogenesis. Summary This review provides an overview of the functions of osteocytes in bone tissue, their interaction with other bone cells, and their role in bone remodeling. We postulate that osteocytes may have a pivotal role in bone regeneration as well, and consequently that the bone regeneration process may be improved effectively and rapidly if osteocytes are optimally used and stimulated.

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PCL and PCL/PLA Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.683.168 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 683 ◽

pp. 168-171 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tatiana Patrício ◽

Antonio Gloria ◽

Paulo J. Bártolo

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Cell Attachment ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Engineering Applications ◽

Printing System

This paper investigates the use of PCL and PCL/PLA scaffolds, produced using a novel additive biomanufacturing system called BioCell Printing, for bone tissue engineering applications. Results show that the BioCell Printing system produces scaffolds with regular and reproducible architecture, presenting no toxicity and enhancing cell attachment and proliferation. It was also possible to observe that the addition of PLA to PCL scaffolds strongly improves the biomechanical performance of the constructs.

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Bone Tissue Regeneration in the Oral and Maxillofacial Region: A Review on the Application of Stem Cells and New Strategies to Improve Vascularization

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2019/6279721 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Vivian Wu ◽

Marco N. Helder ◽

Nathalie Bravenboer ◽

Christiaan M. ten Bruggenkate ◽

Jianfeng Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Host Tissue ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Maxillofacial Region ◽

Oral And Maxillofacial Region ◽

New Strategies

Bone tissue engineering techniques are a promising alternative for the use of autologous bone grafts to reconstruct bone defects in the oral and maxillofacial region. However, for successful bone regeneration, adequate vascularization is a prerequisite. This review presents and discusses the application of stem cells and new strategies to improve vascularization, which may lead to feasible clinical applications. Multiple sources of stem cells have been investigated for bone tissue engineering. The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of human adipose tissue is considered a promising single source for a heterogeneous population of essential cells with, amongst others, osteogenic and angiogenic potential. Enhanced vascularization of tissue-engineered grafts can be achieved by different mechanisms: vascular ingrowth directed from the surrounding host tissue to the implanted graft, vice versa, or concomitantly. Vascular ingrowth into the implanted graft can be enhanced by (i) optimizing the material properties of scaffolds and (ii) their bioactivation by incorporation of growth factors or cell seeding. Vascular ingrowth directed from the implanted graft towards the host tissue can be achieved by incorporating the graft with either (i) preformed microvascular networks or (ii) microvascular fragments (MF). The latter may have stimulating actions on both vascular ingrowth and outgrowth, since they contain angiogenic stem cells like SVF, as well as vascularized matrix fragments. Both adipose tissue-derived SVF and MF are cell sources with clinical feasibility due to their large quantities that can be harvested and applied in a one-step surgical procedure. During the past years, important advancements of stem cell application and vascularization in bone tissue regeneration have been made. The development of engineered in vitro 3D models mimicking the bone defect environment would facilitate new strategies in bone tissue engineering. Successful clinical application requires innovative future investigations enhancing vascularization.

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Carbon Nanostructures in Bone Tissue Engineering

The Open Orthopaedics Journal ◽

10.2174/1874325001610010877 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 877-899 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Brian Lee Perkins ◽

Naghmeh Naderi

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Carbon Nanostructures ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Biophysical Properties ◽

Carbon Nanostructure ◽

Natural Bone ◽

Wide Range

Background:Recent advances in developing biocompatible materials for treating bone loss or defects have dramatically changed clinicians’ reconstructive armory. Current clinically available reconstructive options have certain advantages, but also several drawbacks that prevent them from gaining universal acceptance. A wide range of synthetic and natural biomaterials is being used to develop tissue-engineered bone. Many of these materials are currently in the clinical trial stage.Methods:A selective literature review was performed for carbon nanostructure composites in bone tissue engineering.Results:Incorporation of carbon nanostructures significantly improves the mechanical properties of various biomaterials to mimic that of natural bone. Recently, carbon-modified biomaterials for bone tissue engineering have been extensively investigated to potentially revolutionize biomaterials for bone regeneration.Conclusion:This review summarizes the chemical and biophysical properties of carbon nanostructures and discusses their functionality in bone tissue regeneration.

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Mesoporous Silica Based Nanostructures for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Frontiers in Materials ◽

10.3389/fmats.2021.692309 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Sougata Ghosh ◽

Thomas J. Webster

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Mesoporous Silica ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles ◽

Fluorescein Isothiocyanate ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Surface Modified ◽

Remarkable Progress

Porous nano-scaffolds provide for better opportunities to restore, maintain, and improve functions of damaged tissues and organs by facilitating tissue regeneration. Various nanohybrids composed of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are being widely explored for tissue engineering. Since biological activity is enhanced by several orders of magnitude in multicomponent scaffolds, remarkable progress has been observed in this field, which has aimed to develop the controlled synthesis of multifunctional MSNs with tuneable pore size, efficient delivering capacity of bioactive factors, as well as enhanced biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this review, we aim to provide a broad survey of the synthesis of multifunctional MSN based nanostructures with exotic shapes and sizes. Further, their promise as a novel nanomedicine is also elaborated with respect to their role in bone tissue engineering. Also, recent progress in surface modification and functionalization with various polymers like poly (l-lactic acid)/poly (ε-caprolactone), polylysine-modified polyethylenimine, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid), and poly (citrate-siloxane) and biological polymers like alginate, chitosan, and gelatine are also covered. Several attempts for conjugating drugs like dexamethasone and β–estradiol, antibiotics like vancomycin and levofloxaci, and imaging agents like fluorescein isothiocyanate and gadolinium, on the surface modified MSNs are also covered. Finally, the scope of developing orthopaedic implants and potential trends in 3D bioprinting applications of MSNs are also discussed. Hence, MSNs based nanomaterials may serve as improved candidate biotemplates or scaffolds for numerous bone tissue engineering, drug delivery and imaging applications deserving our full attention now.

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Fabrication of Scaffolds for Bone-Tissue Regeneration

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12040568 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 568 ◽

Cited By ~ 90

Author(s):

Petra Chocholata ◽

Vlastimil Kulda ◽

Vaclav Babuska

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Clinical Medicine ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Materials Used ◽

Manufacturing Technologies ◽

Regenerative Therapies ◽

Suitable Environment

The present article describes the state of the art in the rapidly developing field of bone tissue engineering, where many disciplines, such as material science, mechanical engineering, clinical medicine and genetics, are interconnected. The main objective is to restore and improve the function of bone tissue by scaffolds, providing a suitable environment for tissue regeneration and repair. Strategies and materials used in oral regenerative therapies correspond to techniques generally used in bone tissue engineering. Researchers are focusing on developing and improving new materials to imitate the native biological neighborhood as authentically as possible. The most promising is a combination of cells and matrices (scaffolds) that can be fabricated from different kinds of materials. This review summarizes currently available materials and manufacturing technologies of scaffolds for bone-tissue regeneration.

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Nanomaterials for bone tissue regeneration: updates and future perspectives

Nanomedicine ◽

10.2217/nnm-2018-0445 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (22) ◽

pp. 2987-3006 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Michael J Hill ◽

Baowen Qi ◽

Rasoul Bayaniahangar ◽

Vida Araban ◽

Zahra Bakhtiary ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biological Sciences ◽

Drug Delivery ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Regeneration ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Future Perspectives ◽

Made In

Joint replacement and bone reconstructive surgeries are on the rise globally. Current strategies for implants and bone regeneration are associated with poor integration and healing resulting in repeated surgeries. A multidisciplinary approach involving basic biological sciences, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and clinical research is required to overcome this problem. Considering the nanostructured nature of bone, expertise and resources available through recent advancements in nanobiotechnology enable researchers to design and fabricate devices and drug delivery systems at the nanoscale to be more compatible with the bone tissue environment. The focus of this review is to present the recent progress made in the rationale and design of nanomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery relevant to bone regeneration.

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Magnesium and Calcium-Containing Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Volume 14: Emerging Technologies; Materials: Genetics to Structures; Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis ◽

10.1115/imece2016-66835 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Udhab Adhikari ◽

Nava P. Rijal ◽

Shalil Khanal ◽

Devdas Pai ◽

Jagannathan Sankar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Calcium Phosphate ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Bone Cells ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

3D Scaffold ◽

Soluble Ions ◽

Charged Derivative ◽

Scaffold Materials

Bone is a living tissue that constantly remodels and adapts to the stresses imposed upon it. Bone disorders are of growing concern as the median age of our population rises. Healing and recovery from fractures requires bone cells to have a 3-dimensional (3D) structural base, or scaffold, to grow out from. In addition to providing mechanical support, the scaffold, an extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly, enables the transport of nutrients and oxygen in and removal of waste materials from cells that are growing into new tissue. In this research, a 3D scaffold was synthesized with chitosan (CS), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), calcium phosphate monobasic and magnesium oxide (MgO). CS is a positiviely-charged natural bioactive polymer. It is combined with its negatively-charged derivative, CMC, to form a complex scaffold. Magnesium phosphate biocement (MgP), formed by reacting calcium phosphate monobasic and MgO, was incorporated into CMC solution before adding CS solution. Scaffolds were prepared by casting, freezing and lyophilization. The scaffolds were characterized in terms of pore microstructures, surface topography, water uptake and retention abilities, and crystal structure. The results show that the developed scaffolds exhibit highly interconnected pores and present the ideal pore size range (100–300 μm) to be morphometrically suitable for the proposed bone tissue engineering applications. These scaffolds not only mimic the nanostructured architecture and the chemical composition of natural bone tissue matrices but also serve as a source for soluble ions of magnesium (Mg++) and calcium (Ca++) that are favorable to osteoblast cells. The scaffolds thus provide a desirable microenvironment to facilitate biomineralization. These observations provide a new effective approach for preparing scaffold materials suitable for bone tissue engineering.

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Oral Bone Tissue Regeneration: Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Secretome, and Biomaterials

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22105236 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (10) ◽

pp. 5236

Author(s):

Agnese Gugliandolo ◽

Luigia Fonticoli ◽

Oriana Trubiani ◽

Thangavelu S. Rajan ◽

Guya D. Marconi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Bone Regeneration ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Functional Restoration ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

In Vivo Models

In the last few decades, tissue engineering has become one of the most studied medical fields. Even if bone shows self-remodeling properties, in some cases, due to injuries or anomalies, bone regeneration can be required. In particular, oral bone regeneration is needed in the dentistry field, where the functional restoration of tissues near the tooth represents a limit for many dental implants. In this context, the application of biomaterials and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) appears promising for bone regeneration. This review focused on in vivo studies that evaluated bone regeneration using biomaterials with MSCs. Different biocompatible biomaterials were enriched with MSCs from different sources. These constructs showed an enhanced bone regenerative power in in vivo models. However, we discussed also a future perspective in tissue engineering using the MSC secretome, namely the conditioned medium and extracellular vesicles. This new approach has already shown promising results for bone tissue regeneration in experimental models.

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A Review on Commonly Used Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences ◽

10.18502/ssu.v28i1.3128 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Azarmidokht Jalali Jahromi ◽

Mahboubeh Mirhosseini ◽

Hosein Molla Hoseini ◽

Habib Nikukar

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Regenerative Medicine ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Bone Cells ◽

Bone Grafts ◽

Bone Defects ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Surgical Interventions ◽

Self Repair

Introduction: Bone is one of the tissues that have a true potential for regeneration. However, sometimes the bone defects are so outsized that there is no chance of bone self-repair and restoration or the damage is such that it is not possible to repair with medical or surgical interventions. In these situations, bone grafts are the treatment of choice, but due to several obstacles, including limitation in graft preparation and immunological incompatibility, bone grafts face some limitations. In these cases, with the help of regenerative medicine, the bone damages could be repaired. Regenerative medicine provides a new approach for large bone defects by cell therapy and tissue engineering. As, sometime the damaged tissues are so wide that there is no chance of self-repair, the engineered structures help to accelerate the tissue natural repairing. This review focuses on the importance of stem cells and scaffolding for bone tissue engineering. Also, the important characteristics of bone tissue engineered scaffolds like structure, porosity, stability, surface chemistry, bone induction and different met hods of scaffold fabrication are discussed. Up to now, various natural and synthet ic compounds were used for bone tissue engineering, including biopolymers, which are categorized to natural, synthet ic and ceramics. Bioceramics work as effective compound scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. From them bioglasses are one of the important materials which enhance the attachment, proliferation and differentiation of bone cells. Therefore, the current paper discussed biopolymers, as the effective compounds for regeneration of bone tissue.

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The Development Tendency of 3D-Printed Bioceramic Scaffolds for Applications Ranging From Bone Tissue Regeneration to Bone Tumor Therapy

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology ◽

10.3389/fbioe.2021.754266 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

Author(s):

Zhixiang Fang ◽

Jihang Chen ◽

Jiangxia Pan ◽

Guoqiang Liu ◽

Chen Zhao

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Tissue Regeneration ◽

Bone Tumor ◽

Physiological Activity ◽

Tumor Therapy ◽

Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽

Tumor Treatment ◽

3D Printed

Three-dimensional (3D) printing concept has been successfully employed in regenerative medicine to achieve individualized therapy due to its benefit of a rapid, accurate, and predictable production process. Traditional biocomposites scaffolds (SCF) are primarily utilised for bone tissue engineering; nevertheless, over the last few years, there has already been a dramatic shift in the applications of bioceramic (BCR) SCF. As a direct consequence, this study focused on the structural, degeneration, permeation, and physiological activity of 3D-printed BCR (3DP-B) SCF with various conformations and work systems (macros, micros, and nanos ranges), as well as their impacts on the mechanical, degeneration, porosity, and physiological activities. In addition, 3DP-B SCF are highlighted in this study for potential uses applied from bone tissue engineering (BTE) to bone tumor treatment. The study focused on significant advances in practical 3DP-B SCF that can be utilized for tumor treatment as well as bone tissue regeneration (BTR). Given the difficulties in treating bone tumors, these operational BCR SCF offer a lot of promise in mending bone defects caused by surgery and killing any remaining tumor cells to accomplish bone tumor treatment. Furthermore, a quick assessment of future developments in this subject was presented. The study not only summarizes recent advances in BCR engineering, but it also proposes a new therapeutic strategy focused on the extension of conventional ceramics’ multifunction to a particular diagnosis.

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