scholarly journals Electrodialytic Desalination of Tobacco Sheet Extract: Membrane Fouling Mechanism and Mitigation Strategies

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Shaolin Ge ◽  
Zhao Zhang ◽  
Haiyang Yan ◽  
Muhammad Irfan ◽  
Yingbo Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Water Dissociation ◽  
Anion Exchange Membranes ◽  
Ion Exchange Membranes ◽  
Chemical Cleaning

In the papermaking industry (reconstituted tobacco), a large number of tobacco stems, dust, and fines are discharged in the wastewater. This high salinity wastewater rich in ionic constituents and nicotine is difficult to be degraded by conventional biological treatment and is a serious threat that needs to be overcome. Electrodialysis (ED) has proved a feasible technique to remove the inorganic components in the papermaking wastewater. However, the fouling in ion exchange membranes causes deterioration of membranes, which causes a decrease in the flux and an increase in the electrical resistance of the membranes. In this study, the fouling potential of the membranes was analyzed by comparing the properties of the pristine and fouled ion exchange membranes. The physical and chemical properties of the ion exchange membranes were investigated in terms of electrical resistance, water content, and ion exchange capacity, as well as studied by infrared spectroscopy (IR) spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses. The results indicated that the membrane fouling is caused by two different mechanisms. For the anion exchange membranes, the fouling is mainly caused by the charged organic anions. For the cation exchange membrane, the fouling is caused by minerals such as Ca2+ and Mg2+. These metal ions reacted with OH− ions generated by water dissociation and precipitated on the membrane surface. The chemical cleaning with alkaline and acid could mitigate the fouling potential of the ion exchange membranes.

scholarly journals Influential Mechanism of Natural Organic Matters with Calcium Ion on the Anion Exchange Membrane Fouling Behavior via xDLVO Theory

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 968
Author(s):  
Zhun Ma ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Xiaosheng Ji ◽  
Yuting Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Interaction Energy ◽  
Anion Exchange ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Anion Exchange Membrane ◽  
Anion Exchange Membranes ◽  
Exchange Membrane

The fouling mechanism of the anion exchange membrane (AEM) induced by natural organic matter (NOM) in the absence and presence of calcium ions was systematically investigated via the extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (xDLVO) approach. Sodium alginate (SA), humic acid (HA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were utilized as model NOM fractions. The results indicated that the presence of calcium ions tremendously aggravated the NOM fouling on the anion exchange membrane because of Ca-NOM complex formation. Furthermore, analysis of the interaction energy between the membrane surface and foulants via xDLVO revealed that short-range acid–base (AB) interaction energy played a significant role in the compositions of interaction energy during the electrodialysis (ED) process. The influence of NOM fractions in the presence of calcium ions on membrane fouling followed the order: SA > BSA > HA. This study demonstrated that the interaction energy was a dominating indicator for evaluating the tendency of anion exchange membranes fouling by natural organic matter.

scholarly journals How Electrical Heterogeneity Parameters of Ion-Exchange Membrane Surface Affect the Mass Transfer and Water Splitting Rate in Electrodialysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Zyryanova ◽  
Semyon Mareev ◽  
Violetta Gil ◽  
Elizaveta Korzhova ◽  
Natalia Pismenskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Water Splitting ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Mass Transfer Rate ◽  
Anion Exchange Membranes ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Electrospinning Technique ◽  
Diffusion Layer Thickness

Electrodialysis (ED) has been demonstrated as an effective membrane method for desalination, concentration, and separation. Electroconvection (EC) is a phenomenon which can essentially increase the mass transfer rate and reduce the undesirable water splitting effect. Efforts by a number of researchers are ongoing to create conditions for developing EC, in particular, through the formation of electrical heterogeneity on the membrane surface. We attempt, for the first time, to optimize the parameters of surface electrical heterogeneity for ion-exchange membranes used in a laboratory ED cell. Thirteen different patterns on the surface of two Neosepta anion-exchange membranes, AMX and AMX-Sb, were tested. Low-conductive fluoropolymer spots were formed on the membrane surface using the electrospinning technique. Spots in the form of squares, rectangles, and circles with different sizes and distances between them were applied. We found that the spots’ shape did not have a visible effect. The best effect, i.e., the maximum mass transfer rate and the minimum water splitting rate, was found when the spots’ size was close to that of the diffusion layer thickness, δ (about 250 μm in the experimental conditions), and the distance between the spots was slightly larger than δ, such that the fraction of the screened surface was about 20%.

scholarly journals Insights into iron induced fouling of ion-exchange membranes revealed by a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (58) ◽  
pp. 36555-36561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Chen ◽  
Jinxing Ma ◽  
Zhiwei Wang ◽  
Xingran Zhang ◽  
Zhichao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Quartz Crystal Microbalance ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Quartz Crystal ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Ion Exchange Membranes

Understanding the mechanisms of multivalent iron interacting with ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) is crucial for the prediction of membrane fouling as well as the development of control strategies.

scholarly journals ENTHALPY OF INTERACTION OF ION-EXCHANGE HETEROGENEOUS MEMBRANES AND THEIR GRANULAR ANALOGUES WITH AMMONIUM NITRATE SOLUTION

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Sabukhi I. Niftaliev ◽  
Yuriy S Peregudov ◽  
Olga A. Kozaderova ◽  
Kseniya B. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Nitrate Solution ◽  
Heat Evolution ◽  
Calorimetric Method ◽  
Anion Exchange Membranes ◽  
Ion Exchange Membranes ◽  
Ion Exchangers ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate Solution

Ion-exchange membranes are widely used for extraction, separation and concentration of aqueous nitrogen-containing solutions. In the study the heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes of cationic type- MK-40, Ralex CM (H) -PP, MK-41 – and anionic type - MA-41, Ralex AM (H) -PP and also their granular analogues – cation exchanger  KУ-2·8 and anion exchanger AB-17·8 were used. Sorption of nitrate ions and ammonium ions was conducted from the ammonium nitrate solution with concentration of 0.012 mole / dm³. To determine sorption thermochemical characteristics of the studied ions the calorimetric method was used. It was found that for all the studied types of membranes and ion exchangers the processes were accompanied by heat evolution. From the calorimetric measurements the thermokinetic interaction curves of cation-exchange membranes and KУ-2×8 with the ammonium nitrate solution and anion-exchange membranes and AB-17×8 with the solution of the same salt were obtained. According to the curves the power of heat evolution and time of the process were determined. It was shown that the ion exchangers KУ-2·8 and AB-17·8 are characterized by a longer time to achieve the maximum of heat evolution and process time than for the similar membranes. This fact is explained by the different number and accessibility of the functional groups in the membranes and ion exchangers. From the thermo-kinetic curves the enthalpies of interaction were calculated. The process of the interaction between the granular ion exchangers and ions is characterized by higher values of the enthalpy than for the membranes which large steric effects are common for. Saline concentration, nature of exchangeable ions and type of functional groups of the ion exchanger and also its moisture content influence the enthalpy value. Experimental calorimetric data indicated that the energy costs connected with the effects of dehydration and conformational changes in the sorbent polymer chains do not overlap the exothermic sorption effect. The calorimetric method is informative to determine the nature and mechanism of sorption.

scholarly journals Thin Reinforced Ion-Exchange Membranes Containing Fluorine Moiety for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 867
Author(s):  
Ha-Neul Moon ◽  
Hyeon-Bee Song ◽  
Moon-Sung Kang
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Electrical Resistance ◽  
Vanadium Redox Flow Battery ◽  
Ion Exchange Membranes ◽  
Redox Flow Battery ◽  
Flow Battery ◽  
Exchange Membrane ◽  
Vanadium Redox ◽  
Charge Discharge

In this work, we developed pore-filled ion-exchange membranes (PFIEMs) fabricated for the application to an all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) by filling a hydrocarbon-based ionomer containing a fluorine moiety into the pores of a porous polyethylene (PE) substrate having excellent physical and chemical stabilities. The prepared PFIEMs were shown to possess superior tensile strength (i.e., 136.6 MPa for anion-exchange membrane; 129.9 MPa for cation-exchange membrane) and lower electrical resistance compared with commercial membranes by employing a thin porous PE substrate as a reinforcing material. In addition, by introducing a fluorine moiety into the filling ionomer along with the use of the porous PE substrate, the oxidation stability of the PFIEMs could be greatly improved, and the permeability of vanadium ions could also be significantly reduced. As a result of the evaluation of the charge–discharge performance in the VRFB, it was revealed that the higher the fluorine content in the PFIEMs was, the higher the current efficiency was. Moreover, the voltage efficiency of the PFIEMs was shown to be higher than those of the commercial membranes due to the lower electrical resistance. Consequently, both of the pore-filled anion- and cation-exchange membranes showed superior charge–discharge performances in the VRFB compared with those of hydrocarbon-based commercial membranes.

Application of the ADUFR Process to Brewery Effluent on a Laboratory Scale

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. H. Strohwald ◽  
W. R. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Test Period ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Chemical Cleaning ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Load Rate ◽  
Brewery Effluent

The application of the high rate ADUFR (Anaerobic Digestion - Ultrafiltration) process to brewery effluent was investigated over an 80 day test period. Performance data on both the anaerobic digester and ultrafiltration unit is presented. At stabilised conditions, space load rates of 15 kgCOD.m−3.d−1 could be achieved at hydraulic residence times of 0.5-0.8 days, with COD removal efficiencies between 96 and 99%. Linear flow velocity across the membrane surface and suspended solids concentration of the biomass were found to have a substantial effect on ultrafiltration membrane flux. No membrane fouling was experienced throughout the test period and flux values of 10-18 l.m−2.h−1 (LMH) could be maintained without resorting to chemical cleaning. Dormant sludge was reactivated rapidly, after a two month rest period. A space load rate of 8 kgCOD.m−3.d−1 at a retention time of 0.5 days could be reached within seven days from restart.

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