scholarly journals Model Based Simulation and Genetic Algorithm Based Optimisation of Spiral Wound Membrane RO Process for Improved Dimethylphenol Rejection from Wastewater

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 595
Author(s):  
Mudhar A. Al-Obaidi ◽  
Alejandro Ruiz-García ◽  
Ghanim Hassan ◽  
Jian-Ping Li ◽  
Chakib Kara-Zaïtri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Channel Height ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Feed Channel ◽  
Membrane Design

Reverse Osmosis (RO) has already proved its worth as an efficient treatment method in chemical and environmental engineering applications. Various successful RO attempts for the rejection of organic and highly toxic pollutants from wastewater can be found in the literature over the last decade. Dimethylphenol is classified as a high-toxic organic compound found ubiquitously in wastewater. It poses a real threat to humans and the environment even at low concentration. In this paper, a model based framework was developed for the simulation and optimisation of RO process for the removal of dimethylphenol from wastewater. We incorporated our earlier developed and validated process model into the Species Conserving Genetic Algorithm (SCGA) based optimisation framework to optimise the design and operational parameters of the process. To provide a deeper insight of the process to the readers, the influences of membrane design parameters on dimethylphenol rejection, water recovery rate and the level of specific energy consumption of the process for two different sets of operating conditions are presented first which were achieved via simulation. The membrane parameters taken into consideration include membrane length, width and feed channel height. Finally, a multi-objective function is presented to optimise the membrane design parameters, dimethylphenol rejection and required energy consumption. Simulation results affirmed insignificant and significant impacts of membrane length and width on dimethylphenol rejection and specific energy consumption, respectively. However, these performance indicators are negatively influenced due to increasing the feed channel height. On the other hand, optimisation results generated an optimum removal of dimethylphenol at reduced specific energy consumption for a wide sets of inlet conditions. More importantly, the dimethylphenol rejection increased by around 2.51% to 98.72% compared to ordinary RO module measurements with a saving of around 20.6% of specific energy consumption.

Conduction Roaster for Accelerated Roasting of Peanut

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (02) ◽  
pp. 112-123
Author(s):  
Rakesh Kumar Raigar ◽  
Hari Niwas Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Rotational Speed ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Roasting Temperature

Roasting is one of the thermo-mechanical operation in cereals and oilseeds processing. Low-capacity machine for mechanisation of roasting is necessary for small-scale processing. A conduction-type motorised rotary roaster (8 kg per batch) was designed and developed for roasting of peanuts. Performance of the roaster was evaluated in terms of moisture loss, scorched kernels, and specific energy consumption for accelerated roasting of peanut. The effects of different roasting conditions were studied to determine the optimum operating conditions of the roaster. Quality indices of peanuts as moisture loss (kg.kg-1), scorched kernel (%), and specific energy consumption (kWh.kg-1) were dependent on the operating conditions. The optimum value of moisture loss (0.041± 0.003 kg.kg-1), scorched kernel (0.93± 0.0.004 % ), and specific energy consumption (0.185 ± 0.005 kWh.kg-1) were obtained at roasting temperature of 170°C, roasting time of 15 min, and rotational speed of 20 rpm for roasting peanut. The roasting characteristics of peanut decreased linearly with increase in the temperature and time; and decrease in the rotational speed. The inferior quality parameters were observed at higher temperatures, speed and medium time of roasting. The study indicated optimum roasting temperature of peanut to be 170°C, and further increase in the process temperature had undesirable effects on roasted peanut quality due to high loss of moisture.

scholarly journals Specific Energy Consumption of a Belt Conveyor System in a Continuous Surface Mine

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Witold Kawalec ◽  
Natalia Suchorab ◽  
Martyna Konieczna-Fuławka ◽  
Robert Król
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Belt Conveyor ◽  
Electric Energy Consumption

Belt conveyor (BC) transportation systems are considered to be the most effective for handling large volumes of bulk material. With regards to the rules of sustainable development, the improvement of belt conveyor technology is, in many cases, focused on environmental issues, which include the idea of energy usage optimization. The key issue in an energy-efficient transportation system is reducing the value of specific energy consumption (SEC) by increasing conveyor capacity whilst decreasing belt conveyor motion resistance. The main idea of this paper is to conduct an analysis of the modernization of existing belt conveyor transportation systems operated in open-pit lignite mines, in order to achieve relatively small electric energy consumption for a considered transportation task. The first part of the paper investigates the relationship between a conveyor’s SEC and material flow rate for various conveyor design parameters. Then, based on multi-parameter simulations, an analysis of electric energy consumption for a belt conveyor transportation system is carried out. Finally, an energy-saving, environmentally friendly solution is presented.

scholarly journals SI engine performance, lubricant oil deterioration, and emission: A comparison of liquid and gaseous fuel

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 168781402093045
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Muhammad Wajid Saleem ◽  
Syed Saqib ◽  
Jamal Umer ◽  
Ahmad Naveed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Lubricant Oil ◽  
Brake Power

Considering the importance of alternative fuels in IC engines for environment safety, compressed natural gas has been extensively employed in SI engines. However, scarce efforts have been made to investigate the effect of compressed natural gas on engine lubricant oil for a long duration. In this regard, a comprehensive analysis has been made on the engine performance, emissions, and lubricant oil conditions using gasoline ( G)92 and compressed natural gas at different operating conditions using reliable sampling methods. The key parameters of the engine performance like brake power and brake-specific energy consumption were investigated at 80% throttle opening within 1500–4500 range of r/min. For the sake of emission tests, speed was varied uniformly by varying the load at a constant throttle. Furthermore, the engine was run at high and low loads for lubricant oil comparison. Although compressed natural gas showed a decrease in brake-specific energy consumption (7.94%) and emissions content, ( G)92 performed relatively better in the case of brake power (39.93% increase). Moreover, a significant improvement was observed for wear debris, lubricant oil physiochemical characteristics, and additives depletion in the case of compressed natural gas than those of ( G)92. The contents of metallic particles were decreased by 23.58%, 36.25%, 42.42%, and 66.67% for iron, aluminum, copper, and lead, respectively, for compressed natural gas.

scholarly journals Experimental Studies of Effect of Shearer Auger Operating Device Effective Width on Effectiveness of Loading Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-102
Author(s):  
O. E. Shabaev ◽  
P. P. Zinchenko ◽  
A. V. Meznikov
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Adaptive Method ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Effective Width ◽  
Actual Operating

Intensification of coal mining from mine seams of 0.55–1.20 m thick requires increasing efficiency of loose coal loading that may be achieved by selecting the optimal parameters of auger operating device of a shearer. The most reliable way to determine effect of the auger parameters on the energy parameters of the shearer operation is experimental research in actual operating conditions. As the subjects of the research, we selected up-to-date UKD400 and UKD200-500 shearers, operating in representative conditions of the Krasny Partizan mine of SE SVERDLOVANTRATSIT and Ternovskaya mine of DTEK PAVLOGRADUGOL PJSC. An adaptive method for specific mining operating conditions is proposed for determining the specific energy consumption of the shearers on material disruption and loading for thin seams in actual operating conditions based on fixing the values of currents of the cutting drive motors. Based on processing of the experimental data, an indicative dependence of the power for rock mass loading on the feed rate and the effective width of the operating device is determined. Increasing the auger effective width results in increasing the loading power and specific energy consumption. At the same time, the higher the shearer feed rate, the greater the growth of the loading power and specific energy consumption. This is due to the beginning of the process of loose rock mass circulation, and the larger the auger effective width, the more intensive the circulation process, and at the lower feed rate of the shearer the process starts. A method is proposed for selecting the auger optimum effective width based on the criteria of minimum specific energy consumption and maximum commercial productivity.

scholarly journals Improving the quality of milk dispersion in a counter-jet homogenizer

10.5219/1407 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 633-640
Author(s):  
Kyrylo Samoichuk ◽  
Dmytro Zhuravel ◽  
Nadiya Palyanichka ◽  
Vadim Oleksiienko ◽  
Serhii Petrychenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Fat Globules

Homogenization is a necessary process in the production of drinking milk and most dairy products. The specific energy consumption of the most common valve homogenizers reaches 8 kW h.t-1. A promising way to reduce it is the introduction of more effective counter-jet homogenizers. The purpose of these studies is to increase the efficiency of machines of this type through fuller use of their kinetic energy. To achieve this, the design of a ring reflector was developed and experimental studies were carried out to determine its influence on the efficiency of milk fat dispersion in a counter-jet homogenizer. Calculations were made to determine the reflector’s design parameters. An installation for experimental research has been developed, in which the required milk pressure is created with the help of compressed carbon dioxide. The dispersive indices of the milk emulsion were determined by computer analysis of milk sample micrographs obtained with an optical microscope and a digital camera using Microsoft Office Excel and Microsoft Visual Studio C# software using the OpenCV Sharp library. As a result of research, the formula for defining the angle of the reflector top has been determined analytically. Experimental studies proved its validity and allowed determination of the optimal diameter. A comparison of the dependence of the degree of homogenization on the excess pressure in a counter-jet homogenizer proves a 15 – 20% increase in the degree of dispersion when using a reflector. At the same time, specific energy consumption does not increase. Comparison of the distribution curves of milk fat globules by size after counter-jet homogenization and homogenization with a reflector suggests that the average diameter of fat globules for the experimental method decreases from 0.99 to 0.83 μm. This indicates the high quality of the dispersal characteristics of the milk emulsion after processing in a counter-jet homogenizer with a reflector.

scholarly journals Estimation of vehicle operational fuel consumption

2010 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
Jacek KROPIWNICKI
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Drive System ◽  
System Efficiency ◽  
External Conditions ◽  
The City

A method of a reference fuel consumption calculation for a registered operating conditions has been presented in this work. The operating conditions have been described using specific energy consumption, which takes into account both an influence of external conditions and driver’s style of driving. Results of experiments performed on the territory of the city of Gdańsk in normal urban traffic have been presented. The new concept of estimation of vehicle drive system efficiency and related examples have been also included.

scholarly journals Analysis of Energy Consumption during Plowing Using a Motor-Block with Moldboard Plow

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-427
Author(s):  
Vladimir F. Kupryashkin ◽  
Aleksandr S. Ulanov ◽  
Nikolay I. Naumkin ◽  
Anatoliy V. Bezrukov ◽  
Michail G. Shlyapnikov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Motor Block ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Traction Force ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Resistance Force ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Introduction. Plowing the soil is a major operation in the cultivation of crops. It is one of the most labor-intensive operations in crop production, accounting for about 40 % of all energy costs. Most of these costs fall on consumed power, ensuring the effective functioning of the motor-block unit with a moldboard plow. Therefore, estimation of power consumed by motor-blocks is the urgent task. Materials and Methods. To solve the problem of determining the energy characteristics of the motor-block unit during plowing, a theoretical analysis was carried out, including values of torque, traction force on running wheels, resistance during their rolling and resistance force at the jointers-depleted plow, with the account for the geometry of the plowing unit based on the motor-block. Dependences of power consumption and specific energy consumption were obtained using the method described below. Results.As a result of our analysis of the power balance, we obtained dependences to find power consumption, as well as the specific energy intensity of plowing the soil with a motor-moldboard plow, which allowed for energy assessment of the functioning of the agricultural unit. Discussion and Conclusion. On the basis of these dependences of the required power and specific energy consumption, taking into account experimental data on interaction of the plow with the soil, design parameters and technological modes of operation of the agricultural unit consisting of motor unit Neva MB-2S-7,5 Pro and plow P1-20/3, were obtained to facilitate the choice of optimal modes of their functioning.

scholarly journals A Theoretical Method for Efficient Design of Power Tiller Rotavator Satisfying Multiple Objectives

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-115
Author(s):  
Jyotirmay Mahapatra ◽  
Vinita Kashyap ◽  
Ajay Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Velocity Ratio ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Power Tiller

Several advantages of rotavator including negative draft generation make it the most suitable attachment to power tiller. Many factors affect the economy and performance of power tiller which includes specific energy consumption, resourceful use of available power, produced soil conditions and blade durability. Hence a systematic design method was developed for power tiller rotavator while considering all these factors simultaneously. Specific work done by rotavator was equalized with performable work of power tiller for different combination of design and kinematics parameter. The value of design and kinematic parameters included in the previous step were limited by the extremities. These limitations were imposed so as to get desired soil conditions and blade durability. The best combination of parameters that produces the desired soil condition with minimum specific energy consumption while utilizing the available power resourcefully was selected. Other design parameters were calculated using parameters from the selected combination. Rotavator design and kinematic parameters satisfying the above objectives were calculated and found to be velocity ratio of 5.12, forward velocity of 0.41 m/s, rpm of 80.19, operating width of 7.5dm and 30 number of blades mounted in 5 number of flanges. This method of optimisation can be adopted for improved power tiller rotavator design and efficient operation. But as this method is purely theoretical; practical verification of the design is essential before adopting for large scale industrial production.

scholarly journals Parametric Optimization of Belt Conveyors by Energy Efficiency Criterion

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
O. S Kuropiatnyk
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Belt Conveyor ◽  
Belt Speed ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Optimal Values ◽  
Belt Conveyors ◽  
Belt Width

Purpose. The purpose of this work is to substantiate the optimal values of the belt conveyor parameters, at which the specific energy consumption for the cargo transportation takes on the lowest value. Methodology. The substantiation of the optimal values of the belt conveyor parameters was carried out by minimizing the function of specific energy consumption, which represents the energy consumption for the transportation of a cargo weighing 1 kg at a distance of 1 m. In the course of research, the drive force was determined using the contour bypass meth-od. In this case, the specific loads from the transported cargo, belt and roller supports were presented as functions of the belt width. To establish the optimal values of the conveyor productivity and belt speed, the belt width was presented as a function of these values, taking into account the physical and mechanical properties of the transported cargo, the design features of the roller supports and the belt angle. Findings. I obtained the dependences of specific energy consumption on the design parameters of the conveyor. Their analysis made it possible to identify the opti-mal values of the belt width, conveyor productivity, belt speed, and the optimal ratio of the last two values for dif-ferent types of transported cargo. It is noted that the results obtained can be supplemented by carrying out calcula-tions according to the formula given in this work. It has been established that the optimal value of the belt width depends only on the belt angle and on the coefficients that determine the energy losses, in particular the movement resistance coefficient of the belt; the influence of the specified coefficient increases with an increase in the belt angle. In addition, the optimal value of the belt width does not depend on the conveyor length, its productivity and belt speed. Originality. The dependences of the specific energy consumption on the design parameters of the belt conveyor were obtained, which made it possible to establish the optimal values of the belt width and the ratio of the conveyor productivity to the belt speed. Practical value. The results of this work can be used in the design of energy-efficient belt conveyors, which are characterized by the lowest specific energy consumption for cargo transportation.

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