scholarly journals Developing a Thin Film Composite Membrane with Hydrophilic Sulfonated Substrate on Nonwoven Backing Fabric Support for Forward Osmosis

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 813
Author(s):  
Soleyman Sahebi ◽  
Mohammad Kahrizi ◽  
Nasim Fadaie ◽  
Soheil Hadadpour ◽  
Bahman Ramavandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Blend Ratio ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Membrane Performance ◽  
Thin Film Composite ◽  
Sulfonated Polyethersulfone

This study describes the fabrication of sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES) as a super-hydrophilic substrate for developing a composite forward osmosis (FO) membrane on a nonwoven backing fabric support. SPES was prepared through an indirect sulfonation procedure and then blended with PES at a certain ratio. Applying SPES as the substrate affected membrane properties, such as porosity, total thickness, morphology, and hydrophilicity. The PES-based FO membrane with a finger-like structure had lower performance in comparison with the SPES based FO membrane having a sponge-like structure. The finger-like morphology changed to a sponge-like morphology with the increase in the SPES concentration. The FO membrane based on a more hydrophilic substrate via sulfonation had a sponge morphology and showed better water flux results. Water flux of 26.1 L m−2 h−1 and specific reverse solute flux of 0.66 g L−1 were attained at a SPES blend ratio of 50 wt.% when 3 M NaCl was used as the draw solution and DI water as feed solution under the FO mode. This work offers significant insights into understanding the factors affecting FO membrane performance, such as porosity and functionality.

scholarly journals Insights into the Influence of Membrane Permeability and Structure on Osmotically-Driven Membrane Processes

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Jing Wei ◽  
Qianhong She ◽  
Xin Liu
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Cellulose Triacetate ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Structural Parameter ◽  
Separation Performance ◽  
Membrane Performance ◽  
Internal Concentration

The success of osmotically-driven membrane (OM) technology relies critically on high-performance membranes. Yet trade-off of membrane properties, often further complicated by the strongly non-linear dependence of OM performance on them, imposes important constraint on membrane performance. This work systematically characterized four typical commercial osmotic membranes in terms of intrinsic separation parameters, structure and surface properties. The osmotic separation performance and membrane scaling behavior of these membranes were evaluated to elucidate the interrelationship of these properties. Experimental results revealed that membranes with smaller structural parameter (S) and higher water/solute selectivity underwent lower internal concentration polarization (ICP) and exhibited higher forward osmosis (FO) efficiency (i.e., higher ratio of experimental water flux over theoretical water flux). Under the condition with low ICP, membrane water permeability (A) had dominant effect on water flux. In this case, the investigated thin film composite membrane (TFC, A = 2.56 L/(m2 h bar), S = 1.14 mm) achieved a water flux up to 82% higher than that of the asymmetric cellulose triacetate membrane (CTA-W(P), A = 1.06 L/(m2 h bar), S = 0.73 mm). In contrast, water flux became less dependent on the A value but was affected more by membrane structure under the condition with severe ICP, and the membrane exhibited lower FO efficiency. The ratio of water flux (Jv TFC/Jv CTA-W(P)) decreased to 0.55 when 0.5 M NaCl feed solution and 2 M NaCl draw solution were used. A framework was proposed to evaluate the governing factors under different conditions and to provide insights into the membrane optimization for targeted OM applications.

scholarly journals Fabrication of a novel cyanoethyl cellulose substrate for thin-film composite forward osmosis membrane

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Zheng ◽  
Shaoqi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Film Composite ◽  
Thin Film Composite ◽  
Reverse Salt Flux ◽  
Cyanoethyl Cellulose

Abstract In this study, cyanoethyl cellulose (CEC) was used as a membrane material, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was used as pore-forming agent to prepare the substrates for the thin-film composite (TFC) forward osmosis (FO) membrane for the first time. The experimental results demonstrate that the properties of the substrates were significantly improved after PVP was added. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that a two-sublayer structure, a fringe-like top sublayer and macrovoids with sponge-like wall bottom sublayer, were formed after the addition of PVP. These improvements contributed to improved membrane performance during FO tests. Meanwhile, after adding PVP, the TFC membranes exhibited good water flux, and excellent specific reverse salt flux. For instance, the TFC-M2 exhibited 9.10/20.67 LMH water flux, 1.35/2.24 gMH reverse salt flux, and 0.15/0.11 g/L specific reverse salt flux in FO/pressure-retarded osmosis mode while using 1 M NaCl as the draw solution and deionized (DI) water as the feed solution.

scholarly journals Interplay of the Factors Affecting Water Flux and Salt Rejection in Membrane Distillation: A State-of-the-Art Critical Review

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2841
Author(s):  
Lin Chen ◽  
Pei Xu ◽  
Huiyao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Flux ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Membrane Distillation ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Membrane Thickness ◽  
Membrane Pore ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Term Operation ◽  
Salt Rejection

High water flux and elevated rejection of salts and contaminants are two primary goals for membrane distillation (MD). It is imperative to study the factors affecting water flux and solute transport in MD, the fundamental mechanisms, and practical applications to improve system performance. In this review, we analyzed in-depth the effects of membrane characteristics (e.g., membrane pore size and distribution, porosity, tortuosity, membrane thickness, hydrophobicity, and liquid entry pressure), feed solution composition (e.g., salts, non-volatile and volatile organics, surfactants such as non-ionic and ionic types, trace organic compounds, natural organic matter, and viscosity), and operating conditions (e.g., temperature, flow velocity, and membrane degradation during long-term operation). Intrinsic interactions between the feed solution and the membrane due to hydrophobic interaction and/or electro-interaction (electro-repulsion and adsorption on membrane surface) were also discussed. The interplay among the factors was developed to qualitatively predict water flux and salt rejection considering feed solution, membrane properties, and operating conditions. This review provides a structured understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms of the factors affecting mass transport, heat transfer, and salt rejection in MD and the intra-relationship between these factors from a systematic perspective.

scholarly journals Performance of layer-by-layer (LbL) polyelectrolyte forward osmosis membrane for humic acid removal and reverse solute diffusion

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suriani Husaini ◽  
Mazrul Nizam Abu Seman
Keyword(s):  
Humic Acid ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Solute Diffusion ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
Draw Solution

<p>Recent study claimed that forward osmosis (FO) process could handle the fouling problem due it driven force based on natural osmotic pressure. However, researchers observed that FO membrane had problem with reverse solute diffusion (RSD) of draw solution. Therefore, FO membrane properties must be improved either physically or chemically in order to overcome this problem. Among all, surface modification approach has been acknowledged as a best technique to alter the membrane properties without significantly change the bulk membrane properties. In this study, polyelectrolyte FO membrane has been produced through Layer by Layer (LbL) deposition method by using Poly (diallyl-dimethylammoniumchloride), PDADMAC and Poly (sodium 4-styrene-sulfonate), PSS as an active monomers. Humic acid (HA) as part of Natural Organic Matter constituents was used as the feed solution and NaCl as a draw solution. The chemical structure and morphology of the FO membrane were characterized by FTIR and FESEM, respectively. From this study, the highest water flux and humic acid rejection were achieved at 2.5M of draw solution with value of 2.56 L/m<sup>²</sup>.h and 99%, respectively. In general, the water flux increases as the concentration of draw solutions were increased. However, it was observed that reverse salt diffusion (RSD) become worse at higher concentration of draw solution.</p><p>Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 75-79</p>

scholarly journals Polymer Having Dicationic Structure in Dumbbell Shape for Forward Osmosis Process

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taehyung Kim ◽  
Changha Ju ◽  
Chanhyuk Park ◽  
Hyo Kang
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Responsive Polymers ◽  
Draw Solution ◽  
Efficient Recovery

The thermal-responsive polymers, poly(alkane-1,#-diylbis(tri-n-butylphosphonium) 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate) (PSSBP#, # = 8, 6, and 4), where # is the number of carbon atoms in the central bridge structure of the dicationic phosphonium moiety, were synthesized to examine their potential application as draw solutes in forward osmosis (FO). The polymers exhibited low critical solution temperature (LCST) characteristics in aqueous solutions, which is essential for recovering a draw solute from pure water. The LCSTs of the 20 wt% aqueous solutions of PSSBP8, PSSBP6, and PSSBP4 were confirmed to be approximately 30, 38, and 26 °C, respectively, which is advantageous in terms of energy requirements for the recovering draw solute. When the concentration of the PSSBP4 draw solution was 20 wt%, water flux and reverse solute flux were approximately 1.61 LMH and 0.91 gMH, respectively, in the active layer facing the draw solution (AL-DS) system when the feed solution was distilled water. The PSSBP# thermal-responsive draw solute has considerable potential for use as a next-generation draw solute because of its excellent osmotic performance and efficient recovery. Therefore, this study provides inspiration for novel ideas regarding structural transformations of polymers and their applicability as draw solutes.

scholarly journals Investigating the performance of hydroponic nutrient solutions as potential draw solutions for fertilizer drawn forward osmosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Bassiouny ◽  
Peter Nasr ◽  
Hani Sewilam
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Salt Rejection ◽  
Draw Solution ◽  
Nutrient Solutions

Abstract This research project aims at investigating the performance of hydroponic nutrient solutions as draw solutions for desalination using the fertilizer drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) process. Six different lettuce and leafy greens hydroponic nutrient stock solutions were prepared according to the literature and used in this study and tested on a bench-scale forward osmosis unit as draw solutions for the process. The feed solution for the process was De-Ionized water mixed with NaCl in different concentrations, to represent different salinities of brackish groundwater. The draw efficiency of each solution was measured based on water flux, specific reverse solute flux, water recovery, and salt rejection. It was concluded that of the six tested nutrient solutions, the “Resh Florida, California” solution is the recommended solution to be used as draw solution for fertilizer drawn forward osmosis, due to its high performance in terms of water recovery (15.75%), flux (11 l/m2/h), salt rejection (92%) and SRSF (highest recorded SRSF for a specific ion (SO4 2−) was 7.3 g/l), as well as its low cost, relative to the other highly performing draw solution “Chekli” ($1.07/l vs. $3.73/l).

scholarly journals Thin Film Composite Forward Osmosis Membrane with Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Interlayer for Alleviating Internal Concentration Polarization

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Tang ◽  
Shan Li ◽  
Jia Xu ◽  
Congjie Gao
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Concentration Polarization ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Film Composite ◽  
Thin Film Composite ◽  
Internal Concentration ◽  
Tfc Membrane ◽  
Internal Concentration Polarization

This study reported a series of thin film composite (TFC) membranes with single-walled nanotubes (SWCNTs) interlayers for the forward osmosis (FO) application. Pure SWCNTs with ultrahigh length-to-diameter ratio and without any functional group were applied to form an interconnect network interlayer via strong π-π interactions. Compared to the TFC membrane without SWCNTs interlayer, our TFC membrane with optimal SWCNTs interlayer exhibited more than three times the water permeability (A) of 3.3 L m−2h−1bar−1 in RO mode with 500 mg L−1 NaCl as feed solution and nearly three-fold higher FO water flux of 62.8 L m−2 h−1 in FO mode with the deionized water as feed solution and 1 M NaCl as draw solution. Meanwhile, the TFC membrane with SWCNTs interlayer exhibited significantly reduced membrane structure parameters (S) to immensely mitigate the effect of internal concentration polarization (ICP) in support layer with micro-sized pores in favor of higher water flux. It showed that the pure SWCNTs interlayer could be an effective strategy to apply in FO membranes.

scholarly journals Evaluation of polyvinylpyrrolidone as draw solute for desalination forward osmosis systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang Trung Nguyen ◽  
Minh Tao Hoang ◽  
Tuan Hung Trinh ◽  
Ngoc Tung Nguyen ◽  
Truong Giang Le
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Draw Solution ◽  
Material Cost ◽  
Solution Parameters

Abstract In this study, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was evaluated as a potential draw solute for desalination forward osmosis (FO) systems. The effect of various draw solute and draw solution parameters on the efficiency of FO operation was investigated, including PVP molecular weight, PVP concentration in solution, and the salinity of feed solution. Experiment results showed that at draw solution initial concentration of 200 g/L and feed solution initial salinity up to 15 g/L, the PVP-based draw solution can offer water flux up to 14.23 LMH in FO mode with raw material cost only at 0.61 USD/m3. PVP K17 was proven to be an effective draw solute for FO systems, providing good water flux and low reverse draw solute flux; while also being relatively non-toxic, non-corrosive, cheap and widely available compared to other types of novel draw solutes.

Study on Nanocomposite Membranes with Enhanced Performance for Forward Osmosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 900 ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Ma ◽  
Cao Liu ◽  
Pei Jing Wang ◽  
Chu Yang Tang
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Nanoporous Materials ◽  
Nanocomposite Membranes ◽  
Membrane Performance ◽  
Thin Film Composite ◽  
Internal Concentration ◽  
Tfc Membrane

Nanocomposite membranes with enhanced performance were investigated for forward osmosis (FO) by incorporation of nanoporous materials. The incorporation of zeolite into both polysulfone (PSf) substrates and polyamide (PA) rejection layer of thin film composite (TFC) membrane (PSf-TFC) could effectively improve FO membrane performance. In the case of zeolite loading into PA layer, the resulted PSf based thin film nanocomposite (PSf-TFN) membrane showed improved but limited water permeability of the rejection layer, corresponding to ~1.76 times water flux higher than PSf-TFC membrane. Significantly, the polysulfone nanocomposite (PSfN) based TFC membrane (PSfN-TFC), which formed by embedding zeolite nanoparticles in PSf substrates, not only enhanced water permeability of the polyamide rejection layer but also reduced internal concentration polarization (ICP) effect, and thus improved FO membrane performance significantly, which corresponding to ~2.50 times water flux higher than PSf-TFC membrane.

The Effect of Porous Support Layer in Forward Osmosis Membranes: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Alshwairekh ◽  
Abdullah A. Alghafis ◽  
Mustafa Usta ◽  
Anas M. Alwatban ◽  
Robert Krysko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Porous Layer ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Streamwise Velocity ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Membrane Performance

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are conducted to study the transport phenomena in spiral wound membranes (SWM) within a Forward Osmosis (FO) module. The effect of the porous layer on the membrane performance is examined. Simulations are prepared for three different porous layer thicknesses by having the porous layer facing the draw channel, a mode known as AL-FS (active layer facing feed solution). In the current study, a Reynolds number range from 2 to 500 is considered. The Navier-Stokes and the mass transport equations are used to obtain the velocity, pressure and concentration fields in the flow channels. The local osmotic pressure and the membrane properties are used to calculate the water permeation over the membrane surface. The membrane is considered as a semipermeable functional surface of zero thickness. The effect of the porous layer is included in the flux model, but the flow and concentration fields in the porous layer are not resolved. The results suggest that increasing the streamwise velocity decreases the level of the external concentration polarization on both sides of the membrane which in turn leads to higher water flux through the membrane. Also, the existence of the porous layer reduced the membrane performance. The water flux didn’t improve much with increasing streamwise velocity at the same porous layer thickness. The suction velocity over the membrane starts at a high value at the inlet of the draw channel and decreases until reaching the outlet of the draw channel then it starts to increase slightly from the effect of the inlet of feed solution. Moreover, by increasing the net osmotic pressure difference, the water flux exhibited a non-linear increase.

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