Evaluation of polyvinylpyrrolidone as draw solute for desalination forward osmosis systems

Abstract In this study, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was evaluated as a potential draw solute for desalination forward osmosis (FO) systems. The effect of various draw solute and draw solution parameters on the efficiency of FO operation was investigated, including PVP molecular weight, PVP concentration in solution, and the salinity of feed solution. Experiment results showed that at draw solution initial concentration of 200 g/L and feed solution initial salinity up to 15 g/L, the PVP-based draw solution can offer water flux up to 14.23 LMH in FO mode with raw material cost only at 0.61 USD/m3. PVP K17 was proven to be an effective draw solute for FO systems, providing good water flux and low reverse draw solute flux; while also being relatively non-toxic, non-corrosive, cheap and widely available compared to other types of novel draw solutes.

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Polymer Having Dicationic Structure in Dumbbell Shape for Forward Osmosis Process

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11030571 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 571 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Taehyung Kim ◽

Changha Ju ◽

Chanhyuk Park ◽

Hyo Kang

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Solutions ◽

Pure Water ◽

Water Flux ◽

Forward Osmosis ◽

Feed Solution ◽

Solution Temperature ◽

Solute Flux ◽

Responsive Polymers ◽

Draw Solution ◽

Efficient Recovery

The thermal-responsive polymers, poly(alkane-1,#-diylbis(tri-n-butylphosphonium) 4-vinylbenzenesulfonate) (PSSBP#, # = 8, 6, and 4), where # is the number of carbon atoms in the central bridge structure of the dicationic phosphonium moiety, were synthesized to examine their potential application as draw solutes in forward osmosis (FO). The polymers exhibited low critical solution temperature (LCST) characteristics in aqueous solutions, which is essential for recovering a draw solute from pure water. The LCSTs of the 20 wt% aqueous solutions of PSSBP8, PSSBP6, and PSSBP4 were confirmed to be approximately 30, 38, and 26 °C, respectively, which is advantageous in terms of energy requirements for the recovering draw solute. When the concentration of the PSSBP4 draw solution was 20 wt%, water flux and reverse solute flux were approximately 1.61 LMH and 0.91 gMH, respectively, in the active layer facing the draw solution (AL-DS) system when the feed solution was distilled water. The PSSBP# thermal-responsive draw solute has considerable potential for use as a next-generation draw solute because of its excellent osmotic performance and efficient recovery. Therefore, this study provides inspiration for novel ideas regarding structural transformations of polymers and their applicability as draw solutes.

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Investigating the performance of hydroponic nutrient solutions as potential draw solutions for fertilizer drawn forward osmosis

10.21203/rs.3.rs-278796/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mohamed Bassiouny ◽

Peter Nasr ◽

Hani Sewilam

Keyword(s):

High Performance ◽

Low Cost ◽

Water Flux ◽

Forward Osmosis ◽

Feed Solution ◽

Solute Flux ◽

Water Recovery ◽

Salt Rejection ◽

Draw Solution ◽

Nutrient Solutions

Abstract This research project aims at investigating the performance of hydroponic nutrient solutions as draw solutions for desalination using the fertilizer drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) process. Six different lettuce and leafy greens hydroponic nutrient stock solutions were prepared according to the literature and used in this study and tested on a bench-scale forward osmosis unit as draw solutions for the process. The feed solution for the process was De-Ionized water mixed with NaCl in different concentrations, to represent different salinities of brackish groundwater. The draw efficiency of each solution was measured based on water flux, specific reverse solute flux, water recovery, and salt rejection. It was concluded that of the six tested nutrient solutions, the “Resh Florida, California” solution is the recommended solution to be used as draw solution for fertilizer drawn forward osmosis, due to its high performance in terms of water recovery (15.75%), flux (11 l/m2/h), salt rejection (92%) and SRSF (highest recorded SRSF for a specific ion (SO4 2−) was 7.3 g/l), as well as its low cost, relative to the other highly performing draw solution “Chekli” ($1.07/l vs. $3.73/l).

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Structural investigation and application of Tween 80-choline chloride self-assemblies as osmotic agent for water desalination

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-96199-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yasamin Bide ◽

Marzieh Arab Fashapoyeh ◽

Soheila Shokrollahzadeh

Keyword(s):

Nonionic Surfactant ◽

Choline Chloride ◽

Water Flux ◽

Forward Osmosis ◽

Tween 80 ◽

Average Diameter ◽

Feed Solution ◽

Water Desalination ◽

Draw Solution ◽

Osmotic Agent

AbstractForward osmosis (FO) process has been extensively considered as a potential technology that could minimize the problems of traditional water desalination processes. Finding an appropriate osmotic agent is an important concern in the FO process. For the first time, a nonionic surfactant-based draw solution was introduced using self-assemblies of Tween 80 and choline chloride. The addition of choline chloride to Tween 80 led to micelles formation with an average diameter of 11.03 nm. The 1H NMR spectra exhibited that all groups of Tween 80 were interacted with choline chloride by hydrogen bond and Van der Waals’ force. The influence of adding choline chloride to Tween 80 and the micellization on its osmotic activity was investigated. Despite the less activity of single components, the average water flux of 14.29 L m‒2 h‒1 was obtained using 0.15 M of Tween 80-choline chloride self-assembly as draw solution in the FO process with DI water feed solution. Moreover, various concentrations of NaCl aqueous solutions were examined as feed solution. This report proposed a possible preparation of nonionic surfactant-based draw solutions using choline chloride additive with enhanced osmotic activities that can establish an innovative field of study in water desalination by the FO process.

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Performance of layer-by-layer (LbL) polyelectrolyte forward osmosis membrane for humic acid removal and reverse solute diffusion

Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin ◽

10.3329/cerb.v19i0.33799 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 ◽

pp. 75 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Suriani Husaini ◽

Mazrul Nizam Abu Seman

Keyword(s):

Humic Acid ◽

Chemical Engineering ◽

Water Flux ◽

Forward Osmosis ◽

Feed Solution ◽

Solute Diffusion ◽

Membrane Properties ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Engineering Research ◽

Draw Solution

Recent study claimed that forward osmosis (FO) process could handle the fouling problem due it driven force based on natural osmotic pressure. However, researchers observed that FO membrane had problem with reverse solute diffusion (RSD) of draw solution. Therefore, FO membrane properties must be improved either physically or chemically in order to overcome this problem. Among all, surface modification approach has been acknowledged as a best technique to alter the membrane properties without significantly change the bulk membrane properties. In this study, polyelectrolyte FO membrane has been produced through Layer by Layer (LbL) deposition method by using Poly (diallyl-dimethylammoniumchloride), PDADMAC and Poly (sodium 4-styrene-sulfonate), PSS as an active monomers. Humic acid (HA) as part of Natural Organic Matter constituents was used as the feed solution and NaCl as a draw solution. The chemical structure and morphology of the FO membrane were characterized by FTIR and FESEM, respectively. From this study, the highest water flux and humic acid rejection were achieved at 2.5M of draw solution with value of 2.56 L/m².h and 99%, respectively. In general, the water flux increases as the concentration of draw solutions were increased. However, it was observed that reverse salt diffusion (RSD) become worse at higher concentration of draw solution.Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 19(2017) 75-79

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Superparamagnetic Fe3O4@CA Nanoparticles and Their Potential as Draw Solution Agents in Forward Osmosis

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano11112965 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2965

Author(s):

Irena Petrinic ◽

Janja Stergar ◽

Hermina Bukšek ◽

Miha Drofenik ◽

Sašo Gyergyek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Osmotic Pressure ◽

Magnetic Measurements ◽

Water Flux ◽

Forward Osmosis ◽

Cross Flow ◽

Solute Flux ◽

Colloidal Solutions ◽

Initial Water ◽

Cross Flow Filtration ◽

Draw Solution

In this study, citric acid (CA)-coated magnetite Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@CA MNPs) for use as draw solution (DS) agents in forward osmosis (FO) were synthesized by co-precipitation and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetic measurements. Prepared 3.7% w/w colloidal solutions of Fe3O4@CA MNPs exhibited an osmotic pressure of 18.7 bar after purification without aggregation and a sufficient magnetization of 44 emu/g to allow DS regeneration by an external magnetic field. Fe3O4@CA suspensions were used as DS in FO cross-flow filtration with deionized (DI) water as FS and with the active layer of the FO membrane facing the FS and NaCl as a reference DS. The same transmembrane bulk osmotic pressure resulted in different water fluxes for NaCl and MNPs, respectively. Thus the initial water flux with Fe3O4@CA was 9.2 LMH whereas for 0.45 M NaCl as DS it was 14.1 LMH. The reverse solute flux was 0.08 GMH for Fe3O4@CA and 2.5 GMH for NaCl. These differences are ascribed to a more pronounced internal dilutive concentration polarization with Fe3O4@CA as DS compared to NaCl as DS. This research demonstrated that the proposed Fe3O4@CA can be used as a potential low reverse solute flux DS for FO processes.

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Forward Osmosis: Temperature Effects By Using Pome as Feed Solution

ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering ◽

10.22146/ajche.49691 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 31 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hanizah Arifin ◽

Thomas S.Y. Choong ◽

Chan Kam Rong ◽

Fakhru'l Al-Razi Ahmadun ◽

Luqman Chuah Abdullah

Keyword(s):

Water Flux ◽

Forward Osmosis ◽

Cross Flow ◽

Feed Solution ◽

Water Fluxes ◽

Energy Applications ◽

Draw Solution ◽

Influence Of Temperature On ◽

Cross Flow Velocity ◽

Higher Temperature

Forward osmosis (FO) has recently been considered as one of the promising technologies for low energy applications. Factors that influence FO performance are draw solution, types of membrane, membrane orientation, cross flow velocity, module configuration and temperature effect. In this study, the influence of temperature on the performance of FO process has been studied in terms of water flux by using raw POME as feed solution. A higher temperature creates a higher water fluxes at various draw solution concentrations. Percentages of water flux increments for raw POME are between 7% to 9% from 25ºC to 35ºC and 32% to 75% from 25ºC to 45ºC.

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Water Recovery from Bioreactor Mixed Liquors Using Forward Osmosis with Polyelectrolyte Draw Solutions

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes12010061 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 61

Author(s):

Calen R. Raulerson ◽

Sudeep C. Popat ◽

Scott M. Husson

Keyword(s):

Water Purification ◽

Water Flux ◽

Forward Osmosis ◽

Space Missions ◽

Solute Flux ◽

Water Recovery ◽

Direct Flow ◽

Draw Solution ◽

Long Duration ◽

Cake Layer

This paper reports on the use of forward osmosis (FO) with polyelectrolyte draw solutions to recover water from bioreactor mixed liquors. The work was motivated by the need for new regenerative water purification technologies to enable long-duration space missions. Osmotic membrane bioreactors may be an option for water and nutrient recovery in space if they can attain high water flux and reverse solute flux selectivity (RSFS), which quantifies the mass of permeated water per mass of draw solute that has diffused from the draw solution into a bioreactor. Water flux was measured in a direct flow system using wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant and draw solutions prepared with two polyelectrolytes at different concentrations. The direct flow tests displayed a high initial flux (>10 L/m2/h) that decreased rapidly as solids accumulated on the feed side of the membrane. A test with deionized water as the feed revealed a small mass of polyelectrolyte crossover from the draw solution to the feed, yielding an RSFS of 80. Crossflow filtration experiments demonstrated that steady state flux above 2 L/m2·h could be maintained for 70 h following an initial flux decline due to the formation of a foulant cake layer. This study established that FO could be feasible for regenerative water purification from bioreactors. By utilizing a polyelectrolyte draw solute with high RSFS, we expect to overcome the need for draw solute replenishment. This would be a major step towards sustainable operation in long-duration space missions.

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Developing a Thin Film Composite Membrane with Hydrophilic Sulfonated Substrate on Nonwoven Backing Fabric Support for Forward Osmosis

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes11110813 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 813

Author(s):

Soleyman Sahebi ◽

Mohammad Kahrizi ◽

Nasim Fadaie ◽

Soheil Hadadpour ◽

Bahman Ramavandi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Flux ◽

Forward Osmosis ◽

Feed Solution ◽

Membrane Properties ◽

Solute Flux ◽

Blend Ratio ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Membrane Performance ◽

Thin Film Composite ◽

Sulfonated Polyethersulfone

This study describes the fabrication of sulfonated polyethersulfone (SPES) as a super-hydrophilic substrate for developing a composite forward osmosis (FO) membrane on a nonwoven backing fabric support. SPES was prepared through an indirect sulfonation procedure and then blended with PES at a certain ratio. Applying SPES as the substrate affected membrane properties, such as porosity, total thickness, morphology, and hydrophilicity. The PES-based FO membrane with a finger-like structure had lower performance in comparison with the SPES based FO membrane having a sponge-like structure. The finger-like morphology changed to a sponge-like morphology with the increase in the SPES concentration. The FO membrane based on a more hydrophilic substrate via sulfonation had a sponge morphology and showed better water flux results. Water flux of 26.1 L m−2 h−1 and specific reverse solute flux of 0.66 g L−1 were attained at a SPES blend ratio of 50 wt.% when 3 M NaCl was used as the draw solution and DI water as feed solution under the FO mode. This work offers significant insights into understanding the factors affecting FO membrane performance, such as porosity and functionality.

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Enrichment of lithium from salt lake brine by forward osmosis

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.180965 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

pp. 180965 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jinli Li ◽

Min Wang ◽

Youjing Zhao ◽

Hongjun Yang ◽

Yuan Zhong

Keyword(s):

Salt Lake ◽

Membrane Surface ◽

Water Flux ◽

Forward Osmosis ◽

Feed Solution ◽

Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship ◽

Contact Angles ◽

Draw Solution ◽

Concentrating Solutions ◽

Relationship Of

Forward osmosis (FO) is a concentration process based on the natural phenomena of osmosis. It is considered a breakthrough technology that can be potentially used for concentrating solutions and suspensions. The diluted nature of brine restricts the treatment technologies that can be applied. Then, brine concentration by FO could represent a new emerging technology enabling the application of a wider range of treatment alternatives. The performance of concentrated brine depending upon FO membranes was studied at normal temperature and pressure in this research. Cellulose triacetates on radio-frequency-weldable non-woven support (CTA-NW) and a thin-film composite with embedded polyester screen support (TFC-ES) were compared; and their orientations were considered. The brine was from Chaerhan Salt Lake after extracting potassium as the feed solution, NaCl solution or MgCl 2 solution as the draw solution. The results indicated that CTA-NW exhibited better concentration performance than TFC-ES, while the water fluxes of the two membranes were exactly the opposite. In the case of CTA-NW in active layer facing feed solution orientation with MgCl 2 as the draw solution, the concentration factor of Li + was nearly 3.0. Quantitative structure–activity relationship of FO membranes and concentration characteristics was correlated, based on results of SEM, FTIR and contact angles studies. The concentration performance could be mainly attributed to the porosity and the thickness of FO membranes; while the water flux was dependent on the hydrophily of FO membrane surface.

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Novel draw solutes of iron complexes easier recovery in forward osmosis process

Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination ◽

10.2166/wrd.2017.150 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 244-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nguyen Quang Trung ◽

Le Van Nhan ◽

Pham Thi Phuong Thao ◽

Le Truong Giang

Keyword(s):

Fresh Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Water Flux ◽

Forward Osmosis ◽

Iron Complexes ◽

Feed Solution ◽

High Water ◽

Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽

Draw Solution ◽

Ammonium Iron

Abstract Forward osmotic (FO) membrane is a new process for producing fresh water from salt water. The study of draw solute is essential in the development and application of FO technology; draw solution should be good at drawing water and easy at recovery. In this paper, three complex draw solutes such as ammonium iron (II) sulfate, ammonium iron (III) sulfate and ammonium iron (III) citrate with different concentrations were studied. The physical properties such as pH, conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) have simultaneously been investigated. The pH of most ammonium complexes was decreased whereas TDS increased with increasing of draw solution concentrations. We found that high water flux of these iron complexes was reported in the range of 8.88–11.24 LMH which was higher than the ammonium bicarbonate draw solution. In addition, more than 90% iron complexes draw solutions were recovered by NF-90 membrane, which plays an important role in the FO process to produce fresh water. This study provides direct evidence for the ability of permeate water from feed solution to draw solution, which shows the potential applications of iron complexes in FO process to produce fresh water from sea-, brackish or river water.

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