scholarly journals Investigation of Potential Recovery Rates of Nickel, Manganese, Cobalt, and Particularly Lithium from NMC-Type Cathode Materials (LiNixMnyCozO2) by Carbo-Thermal Reduction in an Inductively Heated Carbon Bed Reactor

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1844
Author(s):  
Stefan Windisch-Kern ◽  
Alexandra Holzer ◽  
Lukas Wiszniewski ◽  
Harald Raupenstrauch
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Slag Phase ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Thermal Reduction ◽  
Carbon Addition ◽  
High Recovery ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Nickel Cobalt ◽  
Nickel Manganese

Within the e-mobility sector, which represents a major driver of the development of the overall lithium-ion battery market, batteries with nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) cathode chemistries are currently gaining ground. This work is specifically dedicated to this NMC battery type and investigates achievable recovery rates of the valuable materials contained when applying an unconventional, pyrometallurgical reactor concept. For this purpose, the currently most prevalent NMC modifications (5-3-2, 6-2-2, and 8-1-1) with carbon addition were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, and treated in a lab-scale application of the mentioned reactor principle. It was shown that the reactor concept achieves high recovery rates for nickel, cobalt, and manganese of well above 80%. For lithium, which is usually oxidized and slagged, the transfer coefficient into the slag phase was less than 10% in every experimental trial. Instead, it was possible to remove the vast amount of it via a gas phase, which could potentially open up new paths regarding metal recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries.

scholarly journals Towards High Efficacy of Pd-Au/C Catalyst for Tetrachloromethane Hydrodechlorination

Chemistry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 338-359
Author(s):  
Magdalena Bonarowska ◽  
Zbigniew Kaszkur ◽  
Krzysztof Matus ◽  
Alicja Drelinkiewicz ◽  
Tomasz Szumełda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Thermal Activation ◽  
Supported Catalysts ◽  
Carbon Support ◽  
Thermal Reduction ◽  
Microwave Oven ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Catalyst Activation ◽  
Critical Part

We present an efficient strategy for synthesising the PdAu catalysts with a homogeneous PdAu alloy phase for environmentally important hydrodechlorination of tetrachloromethane in the gas phase. The synthesis of carbon-supported catalysts involved two major steps: (i) incorporation of palladium and gold nanoparticles into carbon support and (ii) activation of the catalysts. The critical part of this work was to find the optimal conditions for both steps. Thus, the incorporation of the nanoparticles was carried out in two ways, by impregnation and direct redox reaction method using acetone solutions of metal precursor salts. The activation was performed either by a conventional thermal reduction in hydrogen or flash irradiation in a microwave oven. The homogeneity and structure of the PdAu alloy were found to depend on the catalyst activation method critically. In all cases, we observed better homogeneity for catalysts that were subject to microwave irradiation. Moreover, the flash microwave irradiation of prepared catalysts provided catalysts of better stability and selectivity towards the desired products (hydrocarbons) in the hydrodechlorination of tetrachloromethane as compared to the catalyst obtained by conventional thermal activation in hydrogen.

scholarly journals Pyrometallurgical Lithium-Ion-Battery Recycling: Approach to Limiting Lithium Slagging with the InduRed Reactor Concept

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Stefan Windisch-Kern ◽  
Alexandra Holzer ◽  
Christoph Ponak ◽  
Harald Raupenstrauch
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Recycling Industry ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Input Material ◽  
High Oxygen Affinity

The complexity of the waste stream of spent lithium-ion batteries poses numerous challenges on the recycling industry. Pyrometallurgical recycling processes have a lot of benefits but are not able to recover lithium from the black matter since lithium is slagged due to its high oxygen affinity. The presented InduRed reactor concept might be a promising novel approach, since it does not have this disadvantage and is very flexible concerning the chemical composition of the input material. To prove its basic suitability for black matter processing, heating microscope experiments, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry have been conducted to characterize the behavior of nickel rich cathode materials (LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 and LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2) as well as black matter from a pretreatment process under reducing conditions. Another experimental series in a lab scale InduRed reactor was further used to investigate achievable transfer coefficients for the metals of interest. The promising results show technically feasible reaction temperatures of 800 ∘C to 1000 ∘C and high recovery potentials for nickel, cobalt and manganese. Furthermore, the slagging of lithium was largely prevented and a lithium removal rate of up to 90% of its initial mass was achieved.

Microsolvation of the lithium ion by methanol in the gas phase

2004 ◽  
Vol 388 (4-6) ◽  
pp. 457-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.-C Wu ◽  
Y.-S Wang ◽  
C Chaudhuri ◽  
J.C Jiang ◽  
H.-C Chang
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Lithium Ion

Synthesis of Spherical LiFePO4/C Composites as Cathode Material of Lithium-Ion Batteries by a Novel Glucose Assisted Hydrothermal Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
pp. 58-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Feng Li ◽  
Zhao Zhang ◽  
Fang Liu ◽  
Shu Ping Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Method ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
High Discharge ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Discharge Capacity ◽  
Optimal Sample ◽  
Structure Morphology

The LiFePO4/C composites with different morphology are synthesized by a novel glucose assisted hydrothermal method at various glucose concentrations (from 0 to 0.25mol/L) and the insoluble lithium source Li2CO3, (NH4)2Fe (SO4)2·6H2O and (NH4)2HPO4(n (Li):n (Fe):n (P)=1:1:1) are used as raw materials. The structure, morphology, thermal performance and electrochemical properties of the synthesized composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), galvanostatic charge/discharge tests and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results show that the LiFePO4/C synthesized with 0.125mol/L glucose has the relatively small particles size (0.1~0.5μm) and the well spherical morphology. The optimal sample exhibits a high discharge capacity of 160.0mAh/g at the first cycle and exhibits a good reversibility and stability in CV tests.

A vapor thermal approach to selectively recycling spent lithium-ion batteries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huayi Yin ◽  
Xin Qu ◽  
Muya Cai ◽  
Beilei Zhang ◽  
Hongwei Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Thermal Reduction ◽  
Economic Approach

Minimizing energy consumption, the amount of chemicals, and secondary wastes is key to achieving a techno-economic approach for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we report a vapor thermal reduction...

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