scholarly journals Metabolic Profile Discriminates and Predicts Arabidopsis Susceptibility to Virus under Field Conditions

Metabolites ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Bernadette Rubio ◽  
Olivier Fernandez ◽  
Patrick Cosson ◽  
Thierry Berton ◽  
Mélodie Caballero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Natural Context ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Virus Interactions ◽  
Viral Accumulation

As obligatory parasites, plant viruses alter host cellular metabolism. There is a lack of information on the variability of virus-induced metabolic responses among genetically diverse plants in a natural context with daily changing conditions. To decipher the metabolic landscape of plant-virus interactions in a natural setting, twenty-six and ten accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana were inoculated with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), in two field experiments over 2 years. The accessions were measured for viral accumulation, above-ground biomass, targeted and untargeted metabolic profiles. The phenotypes of the accessions ranged from susceptibility to resistance. Susceptible and resistant accessions were shown to have different metabolic routes after inoculation. Susceptible genotypes accumulate primary and secondary metabolites upon infection, at the cost of hindered growth. Twenty-one metabolic signatures significantly accumulated in resistant accessions whereas they maintained their growth as mock-inoculated plants without biomass penalty. Metabolic content was demonstrated to discriminate and be highly predictive of the susceptibility of inoculated Arabidopsis. This study is the first to describe the metabolic landscape of plant-virus interactions in a natural setting and its predictive link to susceptibility. It provides new insights on plant-virus interactions. In this undomesticated species and in ecologically realistic conditions, growth and resistance are in a permanent conversation.

scholarly journals Metabolic profile discriminates and predicts Arabidopsis susceptibility to virus under field conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Rubio ◽  
Olivier Fernandez ◽  
Patrick Cosson ◽  
Thierry Berton ◽  
Mélodie Caballero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Virus Interactions ◽  
Viral Accumulation

SummaryAs obligatory parasites, plant viruses alter host cellular metabolism. There is a lack of information on the variability of virus-induced metabolic responses among genetically diverse plants in a natural context with daily changing conditions. To decipher the metabolic landscape of plant-virus interactions in a natural setting, one hundred and thirty-two and twenty-six accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana were inoculated with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), in two field experiments over 2 years. The accessions were phenotyped for viral accumulation, above-ground biomass, targeted and untargeted metabolic profiles. The accessions revealed quantitative response to the virus, from susceptibility to resistance. Susceptible accessions accumulate primary and secondary metabolites upon infection, at the cost of hindered growth. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) revealed that the primary metabolites sucrose, glucose and glutamate discriminate susceptible and resistant accessions. Twenty-one metabolic signatures were found to significantly accumulate in resistant accessions whereas they maintained their growth at the same level as mock-inoculated plants without biomass penalty.Metabolic content was demonstrated to discriminate and to be highly predictive of the susceptibility of inoculated Arabidopsis. The PLS coefficient estimated in the training data set reveals, after cross-validation, a correlation of 0.61 between predicted and true viral accumulation. This study is the first to describe the metabolic landscape of plant-virus interactions in a natural setting and its predictive link to susceptibility. It reveals that, in this undomesticated species and in ecologically realistic conditions, growth and resistance are in a permanent conversation and provides new insights on plant-virus interactions.

Autophagy in Plant-Virus Interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 403-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Yang ◽  
Asigul Ismayil ◽  
Yule Liu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Antiviral Defense ◽  
Autophagy Pathway ◽  
Virus Interactions ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions ◽  
Cellular Components

Autophagy is a conserved vacuole/lysosome-mediated degradation pathway for clearing and recycling cellular components including cytosol, macromolecules, and dysfunctional organelles. In recent years, autophagy has emerged to play important roles in plant-pathogen interactions. It acts as an antiviral defense mechanism in plants. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that plant viruses can manipulate, hijack, or even exploit the autophagy pathway to promote pathogenesis, demonstrating the pivotal role of autophagy in the evolutionary arms race between hosts and viruses. In this review, we discuss recent findings about the antiviral and proviral roles of autophagy in plant-virus interactions.

scholarly journals TuMV infection alters miR168/AGO1 and miR403/AGO2 systems regulation in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Augusto Manacorda ◽  
Sabrina Tasselli ◽  
María Rosa Marano ◽  
Sebastián Asurmendi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Molecular Response ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Transcriptional Effect ◽  
Regulatory Loop ◽  
Virus Interactions

AbstractViral infections trigger a strong response of the plant RNA silencing machinery. The cargo protein AGO1 has a well-established role in siRNA loading. Several plant viruses have convergently evolved a molecular counter-attack reliant on inactivation of the AGO1-based plant defense by altering the regulatory loop that comprises miR168 and AGO1. Upon viral infections, another AGO protein, AGO2, is induced. AGO2 is in turn post-transcriptionally regulated by miR403. The simultaneous study of both regulatory systems working along an infection time-frame is lacking. Here it is shown the molecular response of Arabidopsis Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV) infection from early to late stages post-infection. Molecular analyses confirmed that TuMV induced mature miR168 accumulation in Arabidopsis, as reported also for other plant-virus interactions. However, differently from reported plant-virus interactions, miRNA precursors pre-miR168a and b were down-regulated and no significant transcriptional effect was detected on miR168a promoter. AGO1 mRNA was induced, but AGO1 protein levels were unchanged. Analyses of the miR403/AGO2 system showed a similar pattern, except for an induction of AGO2 protein levels. Additionally, low molecular weight forms of AGO1 and 2 proteins were detected and relatively overaccumulated under TuMV infections. Our results suggest that TuMV alters the biogenesis of miR168 and miR403 at the processing step. Whilst TuMV induces both miR168 and miR403 overaccumulation, it fails to prevent overaccumulation of the antiviral AGO2 at both mRNA and protein levels.

scholarly journals Within-Host Multiplication and Speed of Colonization as Infection Traits Associated with Plant Virus Vertical Transmission

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Cobos ◽  
Nuria Montes ◽  
Marisa López-Herranz ◽  
Miriam Gil-Valle ◽  
Israel Pagán
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Seed Survival ◽  
Virus Interactions ◽  
Number Of Seeds

ABSTRACT Although vertical transmission from parents to offspring through seeds is an important fitness component of many plant viruses, very little is known about the factors affecting this process. Viruses reach the seed by direct invasion of the embryo and/or by infection of the ovules or the pollen. Thus, it can be expected that the efficiency of seed transmission would be determined by (i) virus within-host multiplication and movement, (ii) the ability of the virus to invade gametic tissues, (iii) plant seed production upon infection, and (iv) seed survival in the presence of the virus. However, these predictions have seldom been experimentally tested. To address this question, we challenged 18 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions with Turnip mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus. Using these plant-virus interactions, we analyzed the relationship between the effect of virus infection on rosette and inflorescence weights; short-, medium-, and long-term seed survival; virulence; the number of seeds produced per plant; virus within-host speed of movement; virus accumulation in the rosette and inflorescence; and efficiency of seed transmission measured as a percentage and as the total number of infected seeds. Our results indicate that the best estimators of percent seed transmission are the within-host speed of movement and multiplication in the inflorescence. Together with these two infection traits, virulence and the number of seeds produced per infected plant were also associated with the number of infected seeds. Our results provide support for theoretical predictions and contribute to an understanding of the determinants of a process central to plant-virus interactions. IMPORTANCE One of the major factors contributing to plant virus long-distance dispersal is the global trade of seeds. This is because more than 25% of plant viruses can infect seeds, which are the main mode of germplasm exchange/storage, and start new epidemics in areas where they were not previously present. Despite the relevance of this process for virus epidemiology and disease emergence, the infection traits associated with the efficiency of virus seed transmission are largely unknown. Using turnip mosaic and cucumber mosaic viruses and their natural host Arabidopsis thaliana as model systems, we have identified the within-host speed of virus colonization and multiplication in the reproductive structures as the main determinants of the efficiency of seed transmission. These results contribute to shedding light on the mechanisms by which plant viruses disperse and optimize their fitness and may help in the design of more-efficient strategies to prevent seed infection.

scholarly journals Site-Directed Mutagenesis and Generation of Chimeric Viruses by Homologous Recombination in Yeast to Facilitate Analysis of Plant-Virus Interactions

2004 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delin Liang ◽  
Stewart M. Gray ◽  
Igor Kaplan ◽  
Peter Palukaitis
Keyword(s):  
Homologous Recombination ◽  
Capsid Protein ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Shuttle Vector ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Recombination System ◽  
Virus Interactions

A yeast homologous recombination system was used to generate mutants and chimeras in the genome of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). A yeast-bacteria shuttle vector was developed that allows mutants and chimeras generated in yeast to be transformed into Escherichia coli for confirmation of the mutations and transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens to facilitate agroinfection of plants by the mutant PLRV genomes. The advantages of the system include the high frequency of recovered mutants generated by yeast homologous recombination, the ability to generate over 20 mutants and chimeras using only two restriction endonuclease sites, the ability to introduce multiple additional sequences using three and four DNA fragments, and the mobilization of the same plasmid from yeast to E. coli, A. tumefaciens, and plants. The wild-type PLRV genome showed no loss of virulence after sequential propagation in yeast, E. coli, and A. tumefaciens. Moreover, many PLRV clones with mutations generated in the capsid protein and readthrough domain of the capsid protein replicated and moved throughout plants. This approach will facilitate the analysis of plant-virus interactions of in vivo-generated mutants for many plant viruses, especially those not transmissible mechanically to plants.

scholarly journals The virulence–transmission trade-off in vector-borne plant viruses: a review of (non-)existing studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1548) ◽  
pp. 1907-1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Froissart ◽  
J. Doumayrou ◽  
F. Vuillaume ◽  
S. Alizon ◽  
Y. Michalakis
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Virulence Evolution ◽  
Natural Isolates ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Viral Accumulation

The adaptive hypothesis invoked to explain why parasites harm their hosts is known as the trade-off hypothesis, which states that increased parasite transmission comes at the cost of shorter infection duration. This correlation arises because both transmission and disease-induced mortality (i.e. virulence) are increasing functions of parasite within-host density. There is, however, a glaring lack of empirical data to support this hypothesis. Here, we review empirical investigations reporting to what extent within-host viral accumulation determines the transmission rate and the virulence of vector-borne plant viruses. Studies suggest that the correlation between within-plant viral accumulation and transmission rate of natural isolates is positive. Unfortunately, results on the correlation between viral accumulation and virulence are very scarce. We found only very few appropriate studies testing such a correlation, themselves limited by the fact that they use symptoms as a proxy for virulence and are based on very few viral genotypes. Overall, the available evidence does not allow us to confirm or refute the existence of a transmission–virulence trade-off for vector-borne plant viruses. We discuss the type of data that should be collected and how theoretical models can help us refine testable predictions of virulence evolution.

scholarly journals Softening of Processed Plant Virus Infected Cucumis sativus Fruits

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1451
Author(s):  
Anne-Katrin Kersten ◽  
Sabrina Scharf ◽  
Martina Bandte ◽  
Peer Martin ◽  
Peter Meurer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Mechanical Inoculation ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Texture Properties ◽  
Textural Changes

Texture softening of pickled cucumbers does not meet consumers’ quality expectations and leads to economic losses. The factor(s) triggering this phenomenon is still unknown. We investigated the importance of plant viruses such as Cucumber green mottle mosaic tobamovirus (CGMMV) and Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) in the context of softening of pickles. Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) were infected by mechanical inoculation, grown under greenhouse conditions and tested positive for the viral infection by ELISA. The severity of virus infection was reflected in yield and symptom expression. Histological and morphological alterations were observed. All fruits were pasteurized, separately stored in jars and subjected to texture measurements after four, six and 12 months. CGMMV-infections were asymptomatic or caused mild symptoms on leaves and fruit, and texture quality was comparable to control. At the same time, fruits of ZYMV-infected plants showed severe symptoms like deformations and discoloration, as well as a reduction in firmness and crunchiness after pasteurization. In addition, histological alterations were detected in such fruits, possibly causing textural changes. We conclude that plant viruses could have a considerable influence on the firmness and crunchiness of pickled cucumbers after pasteurization. It is possible that the severity of symptom expression has an influence on texture properties.

scholarly journals Novel Functional Genomics Approaches: A Promising Future in the Combat Against Plant Viruses

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (10) ◽  
pp. 1231-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent N. Fondong ◽  
Ugrappa Nagalakshmi ◽  
Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Virus Control ◽  
Local Lesions ◽  
Short Palindromic Repeat ◽  
Interfering Rna

Advances in functional genomics and genome editing approaches have provided new opportunities and potential to accelerate plant virus control efforts through modification of host and viral genomes in a precise and predictable manner. Here, we discuss application of RNA-based technologies, including artificial micro RNA, transacting small interfering RNA, and Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat–associated protein 9), which are currently being successfully deployed in generating virus-resistant plants. We further discuss the reverse genetics approach, targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) and its variant, known as EcoTILLING, that are used in the identification of plant virus recessive resistance gene alleles. In addition to describing specific applications of these technologies in plant virus control, this review discusses their advantages and limitations.

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