scholarly journals Softening of Processed Plant Virus Infected Cucumis sativus Fruits

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1451
Author(s):  
Anne-Katrin Kersten ◽  
Sabrina Scharf ◽  
Martina Bandte ◽  
Peer Martin ◽  
Peter Meurer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Mechanical Inoculation ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Texture Properties ◽  
Textural Changes

Texture softening of pickled cucumbers does not meet consumers’ quality expectations and leads to economic losses. The factor(s) triggering this phenomenon is still unknown. We investigated the importance of plant viruses such as Cucumber green mottle mosaic tobamovirus (CGMMV) and Zucchini yellow mosaic potyvirus (ZYMV) in the context of softening of pickles. Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) were infected by mechanical inoculation, grown under greenhouse conditions and tested positive for the viral infection by ELISA. The severity of virus infection was reflected in yield and symptom expression. Histological and morphological alterations were observed. All fruits were pasteurized, separately stored in jars and subjected to texture measurements after four, six and 12 months. CGMMV-infections were asymptomatic or caused mild symptoms on leaves and fruit, and texture quality was comparable to control. At the same time, fruits of ZYMV-infected plants showed severe symptoms like deformations and discoloration, as well as a reduction in firmness and crunchiness after pasteurization. In addition, histological alterations were detected in such fruits, possibly causing textural changes. We conclude that plant viruses could have a considerable influence on the firmness and crunchiness of pickled cucumbers after pasteurization. It is possible that the severity of symptom expression has an influence on texture properties.

scholarly journals Investigations of the mechanism of the transmission of plant viruses by insect vectors.— I

1933 ◽  
Vol 113 (784) ◽  
pp. 463-485 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Insect Vectors ◽  
Mechanical Inoculation ◽  
Maize Seedlings ◽  
Single Strain ◽  
Mechanical Process ◽  
Insect Transmission ◽  
Biological Relation

The studies here described aim at the elucidation of the action of a plant virus within the insect that is its specific vector. It is widely held that insect transmission is not normally a mechanical process; but of the nature of the biological relation, into which virus and insect are supposed to enter, little is definitely known. By the use of the method of mechanical inoculation of the virus into the insect I have obtained certain direct evidence bearing upon this problem. The virus studied is that which causes streak disease in the maize plant. A single strain has been used, maintained in the course of my experiments by repeated transfers to maize seedlings in the greenhouse. Conceivably this strain is a complex of viruses, but if so it has shown no sign of splitting into its components during the period of the work now described.

scholarly journals Plant Viruses Infecting Solanaceae Family Members in the Cultivated and Wild Environments: A Review

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hančinský ◽  
Daniel Mihálik ◽  
Michaela Mrkvová ◽  
Thierry Candresse ◽  
Miroslav Glasa
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Ecological Interface ◽  
Solanaceae Family

Plant viruses infecting crop species are causing long-lasting economic losses and are endangering food security worldwide. Ongoing events, such as climate change, changes in agricultural practices, globalization of markets or changes in plant virus vector populations, are affecting plant virus life cycles. Because farmer’s fields are part of the larger environment, the role of wild plant species in plant virus life cycles can provide information about underlying processes during virus transmission and spread. This review focuses on the Solanaceae family, which contains thousands of species growing all around the world, including crop species, wild flora and model plants for genetic research. In a first part, we analyze various viruses infecting Solanaceae plants across the agro-ecological interface, emphasizing the important role of virus interactions between the cultivated and wild zones as global changes affect these environments on both local and global scales. To cope with these changes, it is necessary to adjust prophylactic protection measures and diagnostic methods. As illustrated in the second part, a complex virus research at the landscape level is necessary to obtain relevant data, which could be overwhelming. Based on evidence from previous studies we conclude that Solanaceae plant communities can be targeted to address complete life cycles of viruses with different life strategies within the agro-ecological interface. Data obtained from such research could then be used to improve plant protection methods by taking into consideration environmental factors that are impacting the life cycles of plant viruses.

scholarly journals ASSOCIATION OF PHYTOPLASMA AND BEGOMOVIRUS WITH SOME ORNAMENTAL PLANTS: A REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (no 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoeb Ahmad ◽  
Akil A. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Shoot Proliferation ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
International Importance

In recent years, the development of the floriculture sector has received rising attention, particularly for the benefit of small-scale agricultural enterprises producing domestic seedlings of perennial ornamental plants and for export to neighbouring countries. Plant diseases, including those associated with phytoplasma infections and plant viruses, are affected by this industry, as are other sectors of the agricultural economy.In a number of commercial cut flowers and ornamental plants, phytoplasma and plant virus infection causes diseases, causing major economic losses globally.Therefore, phytoplasma and plant virus diseases are the key constraints in the production of lucrative ornamental plants and lower their quantum and quality, gaining international importance due to unspecific symptoms, different losses and complex epidemiology around the world. These disease epidemics forced the removal of several varieties of floricultural plants such as gladiolus, lily, chrysanthemum and rose from cultivation. In various ornamental plants in botanical gardens and various floriculture farms, symptoms of general yellowing as well as plant stunting, shoot proliferation, phyllody, virescence, lower cost of flowers and reddening of leaves were observed. The prevalent mode of distribution of plant viruses is vector transmission, vegetative propagation or seed, although in some cases, viruses are transmitted by mechanical contact. Begomoviruses in economically important ornamental plants, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions, are among the most dangerous epidemic-causing pathogens, but phytoplasmas of ornamental plants have been widely distributed geographically. Information on phytoplasma and begomovirus infecting ornamental plants has been addressed in this study

scholarly journals Novel Functional Genomics Approaches: A Promising Future in the Combat Against Plant Viruses

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (10) ◽  
pp. 1231-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent N. Fondong ◽  
Ugrappa Nagalakshmi ◽  
Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Functional Genomics ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Virus Control ◽  
Local Lesions ◽  
Short Palindromic Repeat ◽  
Interfering Rna

Advances in functional genomics and genome editing approaches have provided new opportunities and potential to accelerate plant virus control efforts through modification of host and viral genomes in a precise and predictable manner. Here, we discuss application of RNA-based technologies, including artificial micro RNA, transacting small interfering RNA, and Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat–associated protein 9), which are currently being successfully deployed in generating virus-resistant plants. We further discuss the reverse genetics approach, targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) and its variant, known as EcoTILLING, that are used in the identification of plant virus recessive resistance gene alleles. In addition to describing specific applications of these technologies in plant virus control, this review discusses their advantages and limitations.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Use of Plant Virus-Like Particles as Vaccines

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Balke ◽  
Andris Zeltins
Keyword(s):  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccines ◽  
Virus Like Particles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Central Elements ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Anticancer Vaccines ◽  
Effective Public Health ◽  
Near Future

Vaccination is one of the most effective public health interventions of the 20th century. All vaccines can be classified into different types, such as vaccines against infectious diseases, anticancer vaccines and vaccines against autoimmune diseases. In recent decades, recombinant technologies have enabled the design of experimental vaccines against a wide range of diseases using plant viruses and virus-like particles as central elements to stimulate protective and long-lasting immune responses. The analysis of recent publications shows that at least 97 experimental vaccines have been constructed based on plant viruses, including 71 vaccines against infectious agents, 16 anticancer vaccines and 10 therapeutic vaccines against autoimmune disorders. Several plant viruses have already been used for the development of vaccine platforms and have been tested in human and veterinary studies, suggesting that plant virus-based vaccines will be introduced into clinical and veterinary practice in the near future.

Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Molekulargewicht pflanzlicher Viren und der spektrophotometrisch bestimmbaren Größe bv

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 432-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Semilogarithmic Scale

The correlation between molecular weight (MW) of plant viruses and the spectrophotometric value bv (see the preceeding paper) has been established. The dependence of bv on the MW is represented by a straight line on a semilogarithmic scale. By means of this line it is possible to evaluate the MW of a plant virus by measuring bv if the virus entity is a pure ribonucleoproteine containing RNA of a MW of 2 · 106. The resulting value for the MW of the virus is not affected by aggregation or breakdown of the virus, but is disturbed by proteine or nucleoproteine impurities. Therefore, it can be concluded that a preparation of a given virus contains non-virus components if the correlation of figure 1 is not fulfilled satisfactorily.

scholarly journals Simple and Portable Magnetic Immunoassay for Rapid Detection and Sensitive Quantification of Plant Viruses

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (9) ◽  
pp. 3039-3048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Rettcher ◽  
Felicitas Jungk ◽  
Christoph Kühn ◽  
Hans-Joachim Krause ◽  
Greta Nölke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Potato Virus X ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Virus Concentration ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
Sum Frequency

ABSTRACTPlant pathogens cause major economic losses in the agricultural industry because late detection delays the implementation of measures that can prevent their dissemination. Sensitive and robust procedures for the rapid detection of plant pathogens are therefore required to reduce yield losses and the use of expensive, environmentally damaging chemicals. Here we describe a simple and portable system for the rapid detection of viral pathogens in infected plants based on immunofiltration, subsequent magnetic detection, and the quantification of magnetically labeled virus particles.Grapevine fanleaf virus(GFLV) was chosen as a model pathogen. Monoclonal antibodies recognizing the GFLV capsid protein were immobilized onto immunofiltration columns, and the same antibodies were linked to magnetic nanoparticles. GFLV was quantified by immunofiltration with magnetic labeling in a double-antibody sandwich configuration. A magnetic frequency mixing technique, in which a two-frequency magnetic excitation field was used to induce a sum frequency signal in the resonant detection coil, corresponding to the virus concentration within the immunofiltration column, was used for high-sensitivity quantification. We were able to measure GFLV concentrations in the range of 6 ng/ml to 20 μg/ml in less than 30 min. The magnetic immunoassay could also be adapted to detect other plant viruses, includingPotato virus XandTobacco mosaic virus, with detection limits of 2 to 60 ng/ml.

scholarly journals Plant Virus Metagenomics: Advances in Virus Discovery

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn J. Roossinck ◽  
Darren P. Martin ◽  
Philippe Roumagnac
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Deep Sequencing ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Virus Discovery ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Virus Like Particles

In recent years plant viruses have been detected from many environments, including domestic and wild plants and interfaces between these systems—aquatic sources, feces of various animals, and insects. A variety of methods have been employed to study plant virus biodiversity, including enrichment for virus-like particles or virus-specific RNA or DNA, or the extraction of total nucleic acids, followed by next-generation deep sequencing and bioinformatic analyses. All of the methods have some shortcomings, but taken together these studies reveal our surprising lack of knowledge about plant viruses and point to the need for more comprehensive studies. In addition, many new viruses have been discovered, with most virus infections in wild plants appearing asymptomatic, suggesting that virus disease may be a byproduct of domestication. For plant pathologists these studies are providing useful tools to detect viruses, and perhaps to predict future problems that could threaten cultivated plants.

scholarly journals A Unique 5′ Translation Element Discovered in Triticum Mosaic Virus

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (24) ◽  
pp. 12427-12440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn Roberts ◽  
Jincan Zhang ◽  
Laura K. Mayberry ◽  
Satyanarayana Tatineni ◽  
Karen S. Browning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Leader Sequence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Internal Translation ◽  
Positive Strand Rna ◽  
Independent Translation

ABSTRACTSeveral plant viruses encode elements at the 5′ end of their RNAs, which, unlike most cellular mRNAs, can initiate translation in the absence of a 5′ m7GpppG cap. Here, we describe an exceptionally long (739-nucleotide [nt]) leader sequence in triticum mosaic virus (TriMV), a recently emerged wheat pathogen that belongs to thePotyviridaefamily of positive-strand RNA viruses. We demonstrate that the TriMV 5′ leader drives strong cap-independent translation in both wheat germ extract and oat protoplasts through a novel, noncanonical translation mechanism. Translation preferentially initiates at the 13th start codon within the leader sequence independently of eIF4E but involves eIF4G. We truncated the 5′ leader to a 300-nucleotide sequence that drives cap-independent translation from the 5′ end. We show that within this sequence, translation activity relies on a stem-loop structure identified at nucleotide positions 469 to 490. The disruption of the stem significantly impairs the function of the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) in driving translation and competing against a capped RNA. Additionally, the TriMV 5′ UTR can direct translation from an internal position of a bicistronic mRNA, and unlike cap-driven translation, it is unimpaired when the 5′ end is blocked by a strong hairpin in a monocistronic reporter. However, the disruption of the identified stem structure eliminates such a translational advantage. Our results reveal a potent and uniquely controlled translation enhancer that may provide new insights into mechanisms of plant virus translational regulation.IMPORTANCEMany members of thePotyviridaefamily rely on their 5′ end for translation. Here, we show that the 739-nucleotide-long triticum mosaic virus 5′ leader bears a powerful translation element with features distinct from those described for other plant viruses. Despite the presence of 12 AUG start codons within the TriMV 5′ UTR, translation initiates primarily at the 13th AUG codon. The TriMV 5′ UTR is capable of driving cap-independent translationin vitroandin vivo, is independent of eIF4E, and can drive internal translation initiation. A hairpin structure at nucleotide positions 469 to 490 is required for the cap-independent translation and internal translation initiation abilities of the element and plays a role in the ability of the TriMV UTR to compete against a capped RNAin vitro. Our results reveal a novel translation enhancer that may provide new insights into the large diversity of plant virus translation mechanisms.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document