scholarly journals PCV13 Vaccination of Adults against Pneumococcal Disease: What We Have Learned from the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Immunization Trial in Adults (CAPiTA)

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Christian Theilacker ◽  
Mark A. Fletcher ◽  
Luis Jodar ◽  
Bradford D. Gessner
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Value ◽  
Health Relevance ◽  
Full Body

The Community-Acquired Pneumonia immunization Trial in Adults (CAPiTA) evaluated older adult pneumococcal vaccination and was one of the largest vaccine clinical trials ever conducted. Among older adults aged ≥65 years, the trial established 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) efficacy in preventing first episodes of bacteremic and nonbacteremic pneumococcal vaccine serotype (VT) community acquired pneumonia (CAP), and of vaccine serotype invasive pneumococcal disease (VT-IPD). Since the publication of the original trial results, 15 additional publications have extended the analyses. In this review, we summarize and integrate the full body of evidence generated by these studies, contextualize the results in light of their public health relevance, and discuss their implications for the assessment of current and future adult pneumococcal vaccination. This accumulating evidence has helped to better understand PCV13 efficacy, serotype-specific efficacy, efficacy in subgroups, the interpretation of immunogenicity data, and the public health value of adult PCV vaccination.

Effectiveness of two doses of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J Pugh ◽  
Jennifer C Moïsi ◽  
Michael Kundi ◽  
Isabel Santonja ◽  
Wilhelm Erber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Endemic Area ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Value ◽  
Data Support ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Primary Series ◽  
Insufficient Time

Vaccine effectiveness (VE) was consistently high following two doses (94.6–97.4%) and three doses (96.1%) of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine. These data support the public health value of providing two doses of the TBE vaccine to a traveller to an endemic area presenting with insufficient time to complete the full three-dose primary series.

scholarly journals Research output and the public health burden of cancer: is there any relationship?

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.M. Patafio ◽  
S.C. Brooks ◽  
X. Wei ◽  
Y. Peng ◽  
J. Biagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Research Output ◽  
Cancer Site ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Burden

Purpose The relative distribution of research output across cancer sites is not well described. Here, we evaluate whether the volume of published research is proportional to the public health burden of individual cancers. We also explore whether research output is proportional to research funding.Methods Statistics from the Canadian and American cancer societies were used to identify the top ten causes of cancer death in 2013. All journal articles and clinical trials published in 2013 by Canadian or U.S. authors for those cancers were identified. Total research funding in Canada by cancer site was obtained from the Canadian Cancer Research Alliance. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to describe the relationship between research output, cancer mortality, and research funding.Results We identified 19,361 publications and 2661 clinical trials. The proportion of publications and clinical trials was substantially lower than the proportion of deaths for lung (41% deaths, 15% publications, 16% clinical trials), colorectal (14%, 7%, 6%), pancreatic (10%, 7%, 5%), and gastroesophageal (7%, 5%, 3%) cancers. Conversely, research output was substantially greater than the proportion of deaths for breast cancer (10% deaths, 29% publications, 30% clinical trials) and prostate cancer (8%, 15%, 17%). We observed a stronger correlation between research output and funding (publications r = 0.894, p < 0.001; clinical trials r = 0.923, p < 0.001) than between research output and cancer mortality (r = 0.363, p = 0.303; r = 0.340, p = 0.337).Conclusions Research output is not well correlated with the public health burden of individual cancers, but is correlated with the relative level of research funding.

The public health value of vaccination for seniors in Europe

Vaccine ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (19) ◽  
pp. 2523-2528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Esposito ◽  
Elisabetta Franco ◽  
Gaetan Gavazzi ◽  
Angel Gil de Miguel ◽  
Roland Hardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Value

scholarly journals The Public Health Value of Opioid Litigation

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Haffajee
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Prescription Opioid ◽  
Behavior Changes ◽  
Public Accountability ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Value ◽  
Lead Paint ◽  
Tort Litigation ◽  
Harmful Behavior

Opioid litigation continues a growing public health litigation trend in which governments seek to hold companies responsible for population harms related to their products. The litigation can serve to address gaps in regulatory and legislative policymaking and in market self-regulation pervasive in the prescription opioid domain. Moreover, prior opioid settlements have satisfied civil tort litigation objectives of obtaining compensation for injured parties, deterring harmful behavior, and holding certain opioid manufacturers, distributors and pharmacies accountable for their actions. In this way, opioid litigation represents progress over prior public health litigation campaigns involving tobacco, lead paint, and asbestos, which had more limited tort litigation effects. Although opioid litigation is not a comprehensive solution to the opioid crisis, it can complement other strategies and infuse much needed money, behavior changes, and public accountability for prescription opioid and related harms.

scholarly journals Reflecting on the first two COVID-19 deaths in Uganda: a public health case study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Kawuki ◽  
Quraish Sserwanja ◽  
Nathan Obore ◽  
Johnson Wang ◽  
Joseph Lau
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Support Staff ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
The Public ◽  
First Case ◽  
Health Relevance ◽  
And Control

Abstract Objective: COVID-19 being a rapidly evolving pandemic, early lessons from the first deaths must be learnt to help feed into the public health guidelines. This study, therefore, aims to present the first two deaths due to COVID-19 in Uganda and their public health relevance.Cases: The first case was a 34-year female and support staff at a health center II. She first presented with COVID-19 like symptoms before dying on 21st July 2020. The second case was an 80 years old female, who also presented with COVID-19 like symptoms before dying on 24th July 2020. The postmortem samples of both cases were confirmed positive for COVID-19. Conclusion: This study identifies a need for timely identification and testing of COVID-19 suspects, strengthening of health center capacity, as well as more awareness for effective prevention and control of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Influence of maternal pelvis height and other anthropometric measurements on the duration of normal childbirth in Ugandan mothers

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian G Munabi ◽  
Samuel Abilemech Luboga ◽  
Josaphat Byamugisha ◽  
Livingstone Luboobi ◽  
Florence Mirembe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Maternal Height ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Value ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Stage 1

In low resource settings, maternal anthropometry may complicate time based  monitoring of childbirth. We set out to determine the effect of maternal  anthropometry and foetal birth weight on the duration of childbirth. Birth related secondary data from 987 mothers with pregnancies of ≥ 37 weeks, singleton baby and a normal childbirth were obtained. This data was analysed for regression coefficients and Interclass correlations coefficients (ICCs). The mean duration of childbirth was 7.63hours. Each centimetre increase in maternal pelvis height led to a 0.56hours increase for the first stage (P<0.01), 0.05hours reduction for second stage (P<0.01), and 0.46hours increase in total duration of childbirth (p<0.01). For each centimeter increase in maternal height there was a 0.04hours reduction in the first stage (P=0.01) and a 0.005hours increase in second stage (P=0.03). The ICCs with respect to geographical site were 0.40 for stage 1, 0.27 for stage 2 and 0.21 for stage 3. Additional modeling with tribe of mother did not change the ICCs. Maternal pelvis height and maternal height were found to have a significant effect on the duration of the different stages of normal childbirth. Additional study is needed into the public health value of the above measurements in relation to childbirth in these settings.Key words: Humans; anthropometry; childbirth; pelvis height;

scholarly journals The Public Health Value of Hospitals

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Fine
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Value

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of Studies Published between 2016 and 2019 on the Effectiveness and Efficacy of Pneumococcal Vaccination on Pneumonia and Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in an Elderly Population

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Dag Berild ◽  
Brita Askeland Winje ◽  
Didrik Frimann Vestrheim ◽  
Hans-Christian Slotved ◽  
Palle Valentiner-Branth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Vaccine Type

Adult vaccination is high on the agenda in many countries. Two different vaccines are available for the prevention of pneumococcal disease in adults: a 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23), and a 13-valent conjugated vaccine (PCV13). The objective of this review is to update the evidence base for vaccine efficacy and effectiveness of PPV23 and PCV13 against invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia among an unselected elderly population. We systematically searched for clinical trials and observational studies published between January 1 2016 and April 17 2019 in Pubmed, Embase, Cinahl, Web of Science, Epistemonikos and Cochrane databases. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for and the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results were stratified by vaccine type and outcome. We identified nine studies on PCV13 and six on PPV23. No new randomized clinical trials were identified. Due to different outcomes, it was not possible to do a meta-analysis. New high-quality observational studies indicate protective vaccine effectiveness for both vaccines against vaccine type pneumonia. Our estimates for the protective vaccine efficacy and effectiveness (VE) of PPV23 on pneumonia and pneumococcal pneumonia overlap with results from previously published reviews. Some of the results indicate that the effectiveness of the PPV23 is best in younger age groups, and that it decreases over time.

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