scholarly journals The nodD1 gene of Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 Restores Nodulation Capacity on Bean in a Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 nodD1/nodD2 Mutant, but the Secondary Symbiotic Regulators nolR, nodD2 or syrM Prevent HH103 to Nodulate with This Legume

2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Francisco Fuentes-Romero ◽  
Pilar Navarro-Gómez ◽  
Paula Ayala-García ◽  
Isamar Moyano-Bravo ◽  
Francisco-Javier López-Baena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Rhizobium Tropici ◽  
Sinorhizobium Fredii ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Model Legume ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Factor Production ◽  
Nodulation Capacity ◽  
Type 3

Rhizobial NodD proteins and appropriate flavonoids induce rhizobial nodulation gene expression. In this study, we show that the nodD1 gene of Sinorhizobium fredii HH103, but not the nodD2 gene, can restore the nodulation capacity of a double nodD1/nodD2 mutant of Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 in bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris). S. fredii HH103 only induces pseudonodules in beans. We have also studied whether the mutation of different symbiotic regulatory genes may affect the symbiotic interaction of HH103 with beans: ttsI (the positive regulator of the symbiotic type 3 protein secretion system), and nodD2, nolR and syrM (all of them controlling the level of Nod factor production). Inactivation of either nodD2, nolR or syrM, but not that of ttsI, affected positively the symbiotic behavior of HH103 with beans, leading to the formation of colonized nodules. Acetylene reduction assays showed certain levels of nitrogenase activity that were higher in the case of the nodD2 and nolR mutants. Similar results have been previously obtained by our group with the model legume Lotus japonicus. Hence, the results obtained in the present work confirm that repression of Nod factor production, provided by either NodD2, NolR or SyrM, prevents HH103 to effectively nodulate several putative host plants.

scholarly journals ALotus japonicusE3 ligase interacts with the Nod factor receptor 5 and positively regulates nodulation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Tsikou ◽  
Estrella E. Ramirez ◽  
Ioanna S. Psarrakou ◽  
Jaslyn E. Wong ◽  
Dorthe B. Jensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
E3 Ligase ◽  
Kinase Domain ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Mesorhizobium Loti ◽  
Signaling Systems ◽  
Nodulation Capacity

SUMMARYPost-translational modification of receptor proteins is involved in activation and de-activation of signaling systems in plants. Both ubiquitination and deubiquitination have been implicated in plant interactions with pathogens and symbionts. Here we presentLjPUB13, a PUB-ARMADILLO repeat E3 ligase that specifically ubiquitinates the kinase domain of the Nod Factor receptor NFR5 and has a direct role in nodule organogenesis events inLotus japonicus. Phenotypic analyses of three LORE1 retroelement insertion plant lines revealed thatpub13plants display delayed and reduced nodulation capacity and retarded growth.LjPUB13expression is spatially regulated during symbiosis withMesorhizobium loti, with increased levels in young developing nodules. Thus,LjPUB13 is an E3 ligase with a positive regulatory role during the initial stages of nodulation inL. japonicus.

scholarly journals Osmotic stress activates nif and fix genes and induces the Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 Nod factor production via NodD2 by up-regulation of the nodA2 operon and the nodA3 gene

PLoS ONE ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. e0213298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo del Cerro ◽  
Manuel Megías ◽  
Francisco Javier López-Baena ◽  
Antonio Gil-Serrano ◽  
Francisco Pérez-Montaño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Rhizobium Tropici ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Factor Production ◽  
Fix Genes

scholarly journals New Nodulation Mutants Responsible for Infection Thread Development in Lotus japonicus

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 801-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koji Yano ◽  
Myra L. Tansengco ◽  
Taihei Hio ◽  
Kuniko Higashi ◽  
Yoshikatsu Murooka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Process ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Infection Thread ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Short Root ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Model Legume ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Nodulation Mutants ◽  
Legume Plants

Legume plants develop specialized root organs, the nodules, through a symbiotic interaction with rhizobia. The developmental process of nodulation is triggered by the bacterial microsymbiont but regulated systemically by the host legume plants. Using ethylmethane sulfonate mutagenesis as a tool to identify plant genes involved in symbiotic nodule development, we have isolated and analyzed five nodulation mutants, Ljsym74-3, Ljsym79-2, Ljsym79-3, Ljsym80, and Ljsym82, from the model legume Lotus japonicus. These mutants are defective in developing functional nodules and exhibit nitrogen starvation symptoms after inoculation with Mesorhizobium loti. Detailed observation revealed that infection thread development was aborted in these mutants and the nodules formed were devoid of infected cells. Mapping and complementation tests showed that Ljsym74-3, and Ljsym79-2 and Ljsym79-3, were allelic with reported mutants of L. japonicus, alb1 and crinkle, respectively. The Ljsym82 mutant is unique among the mutants because the infection thread was aborted early in its development. Ljsym74-3 and Ljsym80 were characterized as mutants with thick infection threads in short root hairs. Map-based cloning and molecular characterization of these genes will help us understand the genetic mechanism of infection thread development in L. japonicus.

scholarly journals Analysis of Nod-Factor-Induced Calcium Signaling in Root Hairs of Symbiotically Defective Mutants of Lotus japonicus

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 914-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroki Miwa ◽  
Jongho Sun ◽  
Giles E. D. Oldroyd ◽  
J. Allan Downie
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Influx ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Calcium Flux ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Root Hair Deformation ◽  
Complementation Groups ◽  
Calcium Spiking ◽  
Timing Of Initiation

Nodulation (Nod)-factor signaling molecules are essential for rhizobia to initiate the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic interaction with legumes. Using a dual dye ratiometric calcium imaging technique, we have shown that 10 nM Nod factor added to roots of Lotus japonicus seedlings induces an intra-cellular calcium increase (calcium flux) that precedes oscillations in intracellular calcium (calcium spiking). The calcium flux was not observed with 1 or 0.1 nM Nod factor, which did induce calcium spiking. The calcium flux was variable in timing of initiation and duration and was observed in approximately half of the root hairs examined. Representatives from 11 complementation groups of symbiotically defective mutants were analyzed for the calcium flux. Mutants from four groups (sym6, ccamk, sym35, and nin) which retained calcium spiking all showed a normal calcium flux. Two classes of mutants (nfr1 and nfr5) lacked both calcium influx and calcium spiking, whereas five classes of mutants (symRK, castor, pollux, nup133, and sym24) defective for calcium spiking retained a calcium flux. There was no correlation between calcium spiking and induction of root hair deformation by Nod factor. We propose that increased bacterial numbers within infection foci in root hairs leads to accumulation of Nod factor to sufficient levels to activate the calcium flux, and this may drive infection thread growth.

The non-flavonoid inducible nodA3 and the flavonoid regulated nodA1 genes of Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 guarantee nod factor production and nodulation of different host legumes

2019 ◽  
Vol 440 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 185-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo del Cerro ◽  
Paula Ayala-García ◽  
Irene Jiménez-Guerrero ◽  
Francisco Javier López-Baena ◽  
José María Vinardell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizobium Tropici ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Factor Production

Alfalfa nodulation by Sinorhizobium fredii does not require sulfated Nod-factors

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadaf Noreen ◽  
Helmi R. M. Schlaman ◽  
Ramón A. Bellogín ◽  
Ana M. Buendía-Clavería ◽  
MaríaRosario Espuny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Fatty Acyl Chain ◽  
Insertion Mutation ◽  
Rhizobium Strain ◽  
Nod Factors ◽  
Sinorhizobium Fredii ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Nodulation Capacity ◽  
Soybean Nodulation

Rhizobium strain 042B(s) is able to nodulate both soybean and alfalfa cultivars. We have demonstrated, by mass spectrometry, that the nodulation (Nod) factors produced by this strain are characteristic of those produced by Sinorhizobium fredii, which typically nodulates soybean; they have 3–5 N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues, a mono-unsaturated or saturated C16, C18 or C20 fatty-acyl chain, and a (methyl)fucosyl residue on C6 of the reducing-terminal GlcNAc. In order to study Rhizobium strain 042B(s) and its nodulation behaviour further, we introduced an insertion mutation in the noeL gene, which is responsible for the presence of the (methyl)fucose residue on the reducing terminal GlcNAc of the Nod-factors, yielding mutant strain SVQ523. A plasmid (pHM500) carrying nodH, nodP and nodQ, the genes involved in sulfation of Nod-factors on C6 of the reducing-terminal GlcNAc, was introduced into SVQ523, generating SVQ523.pHM500. As expected, strain SVQ523 produces unfucosylated Nod-factors, while SVQ523.pHM500 produces both unfucosylated and unfucosylated sulfated Nod-factors. Plant tests showed that soybean nodulation was reduced if the inoculant (SVQ523.pHM500) produced sulfated Nod-factors. In the Asiatic alfalfa cultivar Baoding, SVQ523 (absence of a substitution at C6) failed to nodulate, but both 042B(s) (fucosyl at C6) and SVQ523.pHM500 (sulfate at C6) formed nodules. In contrast, SVQ523 showed enhanced nodulation capacity with the western alfalfa cultivars ORCA and ARC. These results indicate that Nod-factor sulfation is not a requisite for S. fredii to nodulate alfalfa.

scholarly journals The Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 type III secretion system effector NopC blocks nodulation with Lotus japonicus Gifu

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (19) ◽  
pp. 6043-6056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Jiménez-Guerrero ◽  
Sebastián Acosta-Jurado ◽  
Carlos Medina ◽  
Francisco Javier Ollero ◽  
Cynthia Alias-Villegas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Range ◽  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Type Iii Secretion System ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Infection Thread ◽  
Sinorhizobium Fredii ◽  
Model Legume ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Infection Threads

Abstract The broad-host-range bacterium Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 cannot nodulate the model legume Lotus japonicus Gifu. This bacterium possesses a type III secretion system (T3SS), a specialized secretion apparatus used to deliver effector proteins (T3Es) into the host cell cytosol to alter host signaling and/or suppress host defence responses to promote infection. However, some of these T3Es are recognized by specific plant receptors and hence trigger a strong defence response to block infection. In rhizobia, T3Es are involved in nodulation efficiency and host-range determination, and in some cases directly activate host symbiosis signalling in a Nod factor-independent manner. In this work, we show that HH103 RifR T3SS mutants, unable to secrete T3Es, gain nodulation with L. japonicus Gifu through infection threads, suggesting that plant recognition of a T3E could block the infection process. To identify the T3E involved, we performed nodulation assays with a collection of mutants that affect secretion of each T3E identified in HH103 RifR so far. The nopC mutant could infect L. japonicus Gifu by infection thread invasion and switch the infection mechanism in Lotus burttii from intercellular infection to infection thread formation. Lotus japonicus gene expression analysis indicated that the infection-blocking event occurs at early stages of the symbiosis.

scholarly journals Secondary metabolite profiling of the model legume Lotus japonicus during its symbiotic interaction with Mesorhizobium loti

Symbiosis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Rispail ◽  
B. Hauck ◽  
B. Bartholomew ◽  
A. A. Watson ◽  
R. J. Nash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolite ◽  
Metabolite Profiling ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Model Legume ◽  
Mesorhizobium Loti

scholarly journals A Dihydroflavonol-4-Reductase-Like Protein Interacts with NFR5 and Regulates Rhizobial Infection in Lotus japonicus

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liujian Duan ◽  
Junqing Pei ◽  
Yaping Ren ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
Xiangzhen Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Nod Factor ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Infection Threads ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Two Hybrid ◽  
Wild Type Control

In almost all symbiotic interactions between rhizobia and leguminous plants, host flavonoid–induced synthesis of Nod factors in rhizobia is required to initiate symbiotic response in plants. In this study, we found that Lotus japonicus Nod factor receptor 5 (LjNFR5) might directly regulate flavonoid biosynthesis during symbiotic interaction with rhizobia. A yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that a dihydroflavonol-4-reductase-like protein (LjDFL1) interacts with LjNFR5. The interaction between MtDFL1 and MtNFP, two Medicago truncatula proteins with homology to LjDFL1 and LjNFR5, respectively, was also shown, suggesting that interaction between these two proteins might be conserved in different legumes. LjDFL1 was highly expressed in root hairs and epidermal cells of root tips. Lotus ljdfl1 mutants and Medicago mtdfl1 mutants produced significantly fewer infection threads (ITs) than the wild-type control plants following rhizobial treatment. Furthermore, the roots of stable transgenic L. japonicus plants overexpressing LjDFL1 formed more ITs than control roots after exposure to rhizobia. These data indicated that LjDFL1 is a positive regulator of symbiotic signaling. However, the expression of LjDFL1 was suppressed by rhizobial treatment, suggesting that a negative feedback loop might be involved in regulation of the symbiotic response in L. japonicus.

scholarly journals Identification of Symbiotically Defective Mutants of Lotus japonicus Affected in Infection Thread Growth

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1444-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Lombardo ◽  
Anne B. Heckmann ◽  
Hiroki Miwa ◽  
Jillian A. Perry ◽  
Koji Yano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Lotus Japonicus ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Infection Thread ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Symbiotic Interaction ◽  
Infection Threads

During the symbiotic interaction between legumes and rhizobia, the host cell plasma membrane and associated plant cell wall invaginate to form a tunnel-like infection thread, a structure in which bacteria divide to reach the plant root cortex. We isolated four Lotus japonicus mutants that make infection pockets in root hairs but form very few infection threads after inoculation with Mesorhizobium loti. The few infection threads that did initiate in the mutants usually did not progress further than the root hair cell. These infection-thread deficient (itd) mutants were unaffected for early symbiotic responses such as calcium spiking, root hair deformation, and curling, as well as for the induction of cortical cell division and the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Complementation tests and genetic mapping indicate that itd2 is allelic to Ljsym7, whereas the itd1, itd3, and itd4 mutations identified novel loci. Bacterial release into host cells did occur occasionally in the itd1, itd2, and itd3 mutants suggesting that some infections may succeed after a long period and that infection of nodule cells could occur normally if the few abnormal infection threads that were formed reached the appropriate nodule cells.

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