Ruby Deposits: A Review and Geological Classification

Corundum is not uncommon on Earth but the gem varieties of ruby and sapphire are relatively rare. Gem corundum deposits are classified as primary and secondary deposits. Primary deposits contain corundum either in the rocks where it crystallized or as xenocrysts and xenoliths carried by magmas to the Earth’s surface. Classification systems for corundum deposits are based on different mineralogical and geological features. An up-to-date classification scheme for ruby deposits is described in the present paper. Ruby forms in mafic or felsic geological environments, or in metamorphosed carbonate platforms but it is always associated with rocks depleted in silica and enriched in alumina. Two major geological environments are favorable for the presence of ruby: (1) amphibolite to medium pressure granulite facies metamorphic belts and (2) alkaline basaltic volcanism in continental rifting environments. Primary ruby deposits formed from the Archean (2.71 Ga) in Greenland to the Pliocene (5 Ma) in Nepal. Secondary ruby deposits have formed at various times from the erosion of metamorphic belts (since the Precambrian) and alkali basalts (from the Cenozoic to the Quaternary). Primary ruby deposits are subdivided into two types based on their geological environment of formation: (Type I) magmatic-related and (Type II) metamorphic-related. Type I is characterized by two sub-types, specifically Type IA where xenocrysts or xenoliths of gem ruby of metamorphic (sometimes magmatic) origin are hosted by alkali basalts (Madagascar and others), and Type IB corresponding to xenocrysts of ruby in kimberlite (Democratic Republic of Congo). Type II also has two sub-types; metamorphic deposits sensu stricto (Type IIA) that formed in amphibolite to granulite facies environments, and metamorphic-metasomatic deposits (Type IIB) formed via high fluid–rock interaction and metasomatism. Secondary ruby deposits, i.e., placers are termed sedimentary-related (Type III). These placers are hosted in sedimentary rocks (soil, rudite, arenite, and silt) that formed via erosion, gravity effect, mechanical transport, and sedimentation along slopes or basins related to neotectonic motions and deformation.

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Ruby deposits: origin and geological classification

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-2547 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Giuliani Gaston ◽

Groat Lee ◽

Fallick Anthony ◽

Pignatelli Isabella

Keyword(s):

Democratic Republic ◽

Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽

Classification Systems ◽

Type I ◽

Type Ii ◽

Geological Environment ◽

Alkali Basalts ◽

Republic Of Congo ◽

Rock Interaction ◽

Eastern Australia

Classification systems for corundum deposits have evolved over time and are based on different mineralogical and geological features. An enhanced classification for ruby deposits based on the geological environment, degree of metamorphism, styles of mineralization and the pressure-temperature conditions of formation is proposed :Primary ruby deposits are subdivided into two types based on their geological environment of formation: (Type I) Tectonic magmatic-related, and (Type II) Tectonic metamorphic-related.Type I is characterized by two sub-types: Type IA where xenocrysts or xenoliths of gem ruby of metamorphic origin are hosted by alkali basalts (Madagascar and others); and Type IB corresponding to xenocrysts of ruby in kimberlite (Democratic Republic of Congo).Type II has two sub-types hosted either in metamorphic deposits sensu stricto (Type IIA) formed in the amphibolite to granulite facies, or metamorphic-metasomatic deposits (Type IIB) formed via high fluid-rock interaction and metasomatism:- Sub-Type IIA1 includes ruby in metamorphosed mafic and ultramafic rocks (M-UMR) as found at Montepuez (Mozambique) and Aappaluttoq (Greenland);- Sub-Type IIA2 concerns rubies in marble such those from the Mogok Stone Track (Myanmar), and from central and eastern Asia;- Sub-Type IIB1 corresponds to desilicated pegmatites i.e., plumasite in M-UMR as in the Rockland mine (Kenya) or Polar Urals (Russia);- Sub-Type IIB2 is characterized by ruby in shear zone-related or fold hinge-controlled deposits in different substrata, mainly ruby-bearing Mg-Cr-biotite schist (metamorphosed M-UMR) and marble. It includes the ruby occurrences of Zazafotsy (Madagascar), Kerala (southern India), Mahenge (Tanzania), and the Hokitika deposit (New-Zealand).&#160;Secondary ruby deposits i.e., placers, are termed Tectonic sedimentary-related (Type III). These placers are hosted in sedimentary rocks (soil, rudite, arenite, silt) that formed due to &#160;&#160;erosion, gravity, mechanical transport and sedimentation along slopes or basins related to neotectonic movements. These are divided in two main sub-types:- Sub-Type IIIA i.e., gem placers in alkali basalt or kimberlite environments as in eastern Australia, central Madagascar, and the Democratic Republic of Congo;- Sub-Type IIIB i.e., gem placers in metamorphic environments such as at Montepuez in Mozambique or the Mogok Stone Track in Myanmar.- Sub-Type IIIC i.e., gem placers with ruby originating from multiple and unknown sources such as at Ilakaka (Madagascar), Tunduru and Songea (Tanzania).

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Some large classes of n-valued Sheffer functions

Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society ◽

10.1017/s0305004100047988 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 201-211 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. C. Muzio

Keyword(s):

Prime Factor ◽

Type I ◽

Type Ii ◽

Large Classes ◽

Type Iii ◽

Type Ia ◽

Sheffer Function

In 1967, Singer (11) gave 3 classes of n-valued two-place functors and proved that all these functors were Sheffer functions. Out of the n possible assignments needed to define a functor completely, Singer showed that it was sufficient to define 3n − 2, 3n − 2, and 2n assignments respectivelyfor the 3 classes. We shall enlarge Singer's classes to give functors of type Ia, type II and type III. For types Ia and III, it will be shown that it is sufficient to define 2n − 1 assignments and for type II we require 2n − 1 assignments to be defined and conditions on a further n/p1 assignments (where P1 is the least prime factor of n). These classes of functors include all of Singer's classes. We also introduce functors of type Ib, similar to those of type Ia, and show that for these itis sufficient to define 2n − 1 assignments to ensure the functor is a Sheffer function.

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Raman Microspectroscopy of Garnets from S-Fibulae from the Archaeological Site Lajh (Slovenia)

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min10040325 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 325 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Saša Kos ◽

Matej Dolenec ◽

Judita Lux ◽

Sabina Dolenec

Keyword(s):

Archaeological Site ◽

Granulite Facies ◽

Raman Microspectroscopy ◽

Type I ◽

Type Ii ◽

Late Antique ◽

Spherical Inclusions ◽

Garnet Composition ◽

High Grade Metamorphism ◽

Mg Content

Garnets (19 pieces) of Late Antique S-fibulae from the archaeological site at Lajh-Kranj (Slovenia) were analysed with Raman microspectroscopy to obtain their mineral characteristic, including inclusion assemblage. Most garnets were determined as almandines Type I of pyralspite solid solution series; however, three garnets showed a higher Mg, Mn and Ca contents and were determined as almandines Type II. Most significant Raman bands were determined in the range of 169–173 cm−1 (T(X2+)), 346–352 cm−1 (R(SiO4)), 557–559 cm−1 (ν2), 633–637 cm−1 (ν4), 917–919 cm−1 (ν1), and 1042–1045 cm−1 (ν3). Shifting of certain Raman bands toward higher frequencies was the result of an increase of the Mg content in the garnet composition, which also indicates the presence of pyrope end member in solid garnet solutions. Inclusions of apatite, quartz, mica, magnetite, ilmenite, as well as inclusions with pleochroic or radiation halo and tension fissures (zircon), were found in most of the garnets. Rutile and sillimanite were found only in garnets with the highest pyrope content. Spherical inclusions were also observed in two garnets, which may indicate the presence of melt or gas residues. The determined inclusion assemblage indicates the formation of garnets during medium- to high-grade metamorphism of amphibolite or granulite facies. According to earlier investigations of the garnets from Late Antique jewellery, the investigated garnets are believed to originate from India.

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A Predictive Classification of Charcot Arthropathy of Foot and Ankle

Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics ◽

10.1177/2473011420s00089 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 2473011420S0008

Author(s):

Mohamed Abdelaziz Elghazy ◽

Hani M. El-Mowafi ◽

Ahmed El-Hawary ◽

Yasser R. Kandil ◽

Samer Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Complication Rate ◽

Classification Systems ◽

Type I ◽

Type Ii ◽

Foot And Ankle ◽

Charcot Arthropathy ◽

Lateral Column ◽

Lisfranc Joints ◽

The Stability

Category: Diabetes; Other Introduction/Purpose: Charcot arthropathy of foot and ankle is a devastating, chronic and progressive destruction of bone and joint integrity affecting one or more joints. It is commonly associated with diabetes mellitus and is characterized by joint subluxations, dislocation, and pathological fractures in patients with peripheral neuropathy and results in a debilitating deformity, possibly leading to ulceration and amputation.Many classification systems exist for charcot arthopathy of foot and ankle. However, there is still lack of consensus regarding best classification. We are proposing a new classification for charcot arthropathy of foot and ankle based on our experience of large cohort of charcot patients. Our classification can guide treatment and prognosis of diabetic charcot arthropathy of foot and ankle, which we are following for the last decade. Methods: Patients with post-acute charcot who presented at our institution from January 2004 to October 2019 were reviewed and were further classified anatomically into Type I and Type II based on plain radiographs. Type I was characterized by charcot affection of one region. Regions were categorized anatomically as a modification of both Brodsky and Schon classifications into: ankle, Lisfranc (tarsometatarsal), naviculocuneiform, forefoot, and hindfoot which includes one of the following: talonavicular joint, calcaneocuboid joint or calcaneus. Type II was characterized by affection of more than one region like peritalar, perinavicular, transverse tarsal or any other combination. Peritalar complex involves at least two joints of the following: ankle, subtalar, and talonavicular. The perinavicular type includes talonavicular and naviculocuniform or tarsometatarsal and naviculocuniform, while the transverse tarsal involves the calcaneocuboid and talonavicu-lar. Both types were further classified into four stages according to the stability, deformity and associated mechanical ulcers. (Table 1) Results: 235 patients (242 feet) were presented with diabetic charcot arthropathy. Mean age was 56 years (range 22-84). Follow- up ranged from 6 months to 10 years, with a mean of 3.3 years.Types IA and IIA were managed conservatively. All patients in Type IIB, IC, IIC, ID, IID and the majority of type IB received fusion surgery to achieve stability and correction of deformity. Stage IB ankle were fixed, while IB lisfranc were observed, and fixed if transformed to IC.Type II D had the highest complication rate in the form of: infection, nonunion, nail protrusion, implant failure, revision including exostectomy after full union and recurrence of ulcer in midfoot 3-4 years after surgery. Five patients ended up with amputation, and all were stage IID. Conclusion: For post-acute charcot, stage A have the best prognosis and can be managed conservatively provided good diabetes control.Type IB can be managed conservatively but when the ankle is affected in type IB, it is better to be elected for surgery. When charcot affects the Lisfranc joints, it is usually stable unless the lateral column is affected.All cases of type IIB, IC and IIC, ID, IID should receive surgery to achieve stability, correction of deformity and prevent complications.Mechanical ulcer (stage D) carries the worst prognosis and highest complication rate. Type IID might predict the risk of amputation [Table: see text]

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A new classification and strategies for endovascular treatment of celiac artery aneurysms

Vascular ◽

10.1177/17085381211032768 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 170853812110327

Author(s):

Xu Li ◽

Wan Zhang ◽

Min Zhou ◽

Yong Ding ◽

Yonggang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endovascular Treatment ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Treatment Strategies ◽

Celiac Artery ◽

Type I ◽

Type Ii ◽

Main Trunk ◽

Single Center Experience ◽

Type Ia

Background Endovascular treatment is being increasingly used for celiac artery aneurysms (CAAs), but systematic endovascular treatment strategies have not been defined yet. This study intended to investigate the strategies of endovascular management of CAAs according to a single-center experience. Methods Anatomically, CAAs were classified into two types: Type I CAAs located in the main trunk of celiac artery. Type II CAAs located on the branches of the celiac artery. Type I and Type II CAAs can be further divided into two different subtypes according to fusiform (a) or saccular or (b) morphology: type Ia, type Ib, type IIa, and type IIb. Patient demographics, clinical manifestations, aneurysm characteristics, endovascular intervention procedures, and perioperative and follow-up outcomes were reviewed and analyzed. Results Between August 2012 and August 2020, 18 consecutive patients (12 men; mean age, 56.8 ± 14.5 years) with CAAs were identified and treated with endovascular procedures. There were seven patients with type Ia, three patients with type Ib, four patients with type IIa, and four patients with type IIb CAAs. One patient died of hemorrhagic shock due to a ruptured aneurysm. Technical success was achieved in 16 patients (88.9%). The mean follow-up period was 51.7 ± 19.4 months. No hepatic or intestinal ischemia or death developed perioperatively or during the follow-up period. No aneurysmal expansion was detected on CTA surveillance, except for one patient who was diagnosed with an endoleak during the follow-up and received reintervention. Conclusions The endovascular strategy based on the novel classification of CAAs was safe and effective, with a favorable mid-term clinical outcome.

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Monopolar and Bipolar Combination Injuries of the Clavicle: Retrospective Incidence Analysis and Proposal of a New Classification System

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10245764 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (24) ◽

pp. 5764

Author(s):

Mustafa Sinan Bakir ◽

Roman Carbon ◽

Axel Ekkernkamp ◽

Stefan Schulz-Drost

Keyword(s):

Case Reports ◽

Clavicle Fracture ◽

Type I ◽

Type Ii ◽

New Classification ◽

Joint Dislocations ◽

Type Ia ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Bipolar Type ◽

Incidence Analysis

Clavicle injuries are common, but only few case reports describe combined clavicular injuries (CCI). CCI include combinations between clavicular fractures and acromioclavicular/sternoclavicular joint dislocations (SCJD). We present the first general therapeutic recommendations for CCI based on a new classification and their distribution. A retrospective, epidemiological, big data analysis was based on ICD-10 diagnoses from 2012 to 2014 provided by the German Federal Statistical Office. CCI represent 0.7% of all clavicle-related injuries (n = 814 out of 114,003). SCJD show by far the highest proportion of combination injuries (13.2% of all SCJD were part of CCI) while the proportion of CCI in relation to the other injury entities was significantly less (p < 0.023). CCIs were classified depending on (1) the polarity (monopolar type I, 92.2% versus bipolar type II, 7.8%). Monopolar type I was further differentiated depending on (2) the positional relationship between the combined injuries: Ia two injuries directly at the respective pole versus Ib with an injury at one end plus an additional midshaft clavicle fracture. Type II was further differentiated depending on (3) the injured structures: IIa ligamento-osseous, type IIb purely ligamentous (rarest with 0.6%). According to our classification, the CCI severity increases from type Ia to IIb. CCI are more important than previously believed and seen as an indication for surgery. The exclusion of further, contra-polar injuries in the event of a clavicle injury is clinically relevant and should be focused.

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Thoracic scent efferent system of the Tessaratomidae sensu lato (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomoidea) with implication to the phylogeny of the family

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.2363.1.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2363 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

PETR KMENT ◽

JITKA VILÍMOVÁ

Keyword(s):

Lateral Lobe ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Type I ◽

Type Ii ◽

Scent Glands ◽

Efferent System ◽

The Family ◽

Family Level ◽

Cladistic Analyses ◽

Cuticular Structures

We studied the cuticular structures associated with the opening of the adult metathoracic scent glands in the family Tessaratomidae. The terminology previously used for these structures in the Tessaratomidae and Pentatomoidea is briefly reviewed and most suitable terms are selected (i.e., metathoracic scent apparatus, internal and external scent efferent system, internal orifice, vestibule, ostiole, ostiolar groove, peritreme, auricle, spout, groove, ruga, disc, peritremal lobes, evaporatorium, mycoid surface, mushroom body, bridge, alveole, trabeculae, and peritremal surface). We examined and illustrated external scent efferent system of 40 species from 33 genera belonging to all three subfamilies of Tessaratomidae sensu lato, i.e. Tessaratominae, Natalicolinae, and Oncomerinae. Three basic types were recognized: i) Oncomerinae – ostiole slightly removed laterally from the position between coxal acetabula, oval, ostiolar groove not developed or very short, peritreme in form of spout attached anterolaterally to the ostiole; ii) Tessaratomidae sensu stricto (= Tessaratominae + Natalicolinae) – ostiole situated between acetabula, strongly incised mesad, thus vestibule distally opened in two planes (ventrally and laterally) as ostiolar groove, peritreme in form of anterior and posterior peritremal lobes surrounding the ostiolar groove; and iii) Platytatina (Platytatus ambiguus Bergroth, 1892) – ostiole shifted near to lateral metapleural margin, ostiolar groove reduced, situated between two flat, reniform processes (median and lateral lobe). A polarity of these structures is suggested: the type i) of Oncomerinae is regarded as plesiomorphic(shared with Urostylididae, Dinidoridae, etc.); the type iii) of Platytatina is homologized with type ii) of Tessaratominae sensu stricto; the type ii) is unique within Pentatomoidea and considered as an autapomorphy. The information content of the characters of the external scent efferent system and metathoracic spiracle for a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships within Pentatomoidea is tested by cladistic analyses. We found some apomorphies helping to define Tessaratomidae and Plataspidae, most of the characters, however, seem to be homoplasious at family level. The results of the cladistic analyses further support the monophyly of Dinidoridae + Tessaratomidae sensu lato and that of Tessaratomidae sensu stricto, while the relationships of Oncomerinae and Tessaratomidae sensu stricto as well as the relationships among the family-group taxa within Tessaratomidae sensu stricto need further studies.

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Ocular Lesions in Red-Tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) With Naturally Acquired West Nile Disease

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1177/0300985816669404 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 277-287 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

A. Wünschmann ◽

A. G. Armién ◽

M. Khatri ◽

L. C. Martinez ◽

M. Willette ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽

Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein ◽

Type I ◽

Type Ii ◽

Outer Retina ◽

West Nile ◽

Retinal Lesions ◽

Acid Protein ◽

Ocular Lesions ◽

Type Ia

Ocular lesions are common in red-tailed hawks with West Nile (WN) disease. These lesions consist of pectenitis, choroidal or retinal inflammation, or retinal necrosis, but detailed investigation of the ocular lesions is lacking. Postmortem examination of the eyes of 16 red-tailed hawks with naturally acquired WN disease and 3 red-tailed hawks without WN disease was performed using histopathology, immunohistochemistry for West Nile virus (WNV) antigen, glial fibrillary acid protein, cleaved caspase-3, and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling method. Retinal lesions were classified as type I or type II lesions. Type I lesions were characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates in the subjacent choroid with degeneration limited to the outer retina (type Ia lesion) or with degeneration and necrosis of the outer retina or outer and inner retina (type Ib lesion) while retinal collapse, atrophy, and scarring were hallmarks of type II lesions. Type II retinal lesions were associated with a more pronounced choroiditis. Although not statistically significant, WNV antigen tended to be present in larger quantity in type Ib lesions. Type I lesions are considered acute while type II lesions are chronic. The development of retinal lesions was associated with the presence of an inflammatory infiltrate in the choroid. A breakdown of the blood-retina barrier is suspected to be the main route of infection of the retina. Within the retina, virus appeared to spread via both neuronal and Müller cell processes.

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Genomic variations of SARS-CoV-2 suggest multiple outbreak sources of transmission

10.1101/2020.02.25.20027953 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Liangsheng Zhang ◽

Jian-Rong Yang ◽

Zhenguo Zhang ◽

Zhenguo Lin

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Type I ◽

Type Ii ◽

Direct Link ◽

Genomic Variations ◽

Type Ia ◽

And Control

SummaryWe examined 169 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and found that they can be classified into two major genotypes, Type I and Type II. Type I can be further divided into Type IA and IB. Our phylogenetic analysis showed that the Type IA resembles the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 most. Type II was likely evolved from Type I and predominant in the infections. Our results suggest that Type II SARS-CoV-2 was the source of the outbreak in the Wuhan Huanan market and it was likely originated from a super-spreader. The outbreak caused by the Type I virus should have occurred somewhere else, because the patients had no direct link to the market. Furthermore, by analyzing three genomic sites that distinguish Type I and Type II strains, we found that synonymous changes at two of the three sites confer higher protein translational efficiencies in Type II strains than in Type I strains, which might explain why Type II strains are predominant, implying that Type II is more contagious (transmissible) than Type I. These findings could be valuable for the current epidemic prevention and control.

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An Evolutionary Misclassification Cost Minimization Approach for Medical Diagnosis

Managing Data Mining Technologies in Organizations ◽

10.4018/978-1-59140-057-8.ch003 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 32-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Parag C. Pendharkar ◽

Sudhir Nanda ◽

James A. Rodger ◽

Rahul Bhaskar

Keyword(s):

Medical Diagnosis ◽

Cost Minimization ◽

Real Life ◽

Classification Systems ◽

Type I ◽

Type Ii ◽

Type Ii Error ◽

Misclassification Cost ◽

Misclassification Costs ◽

Error Costs

This chapter illustrates how a misclassification cost matrix can be incorporated into an evolutionary classification system for medical diagnosis. Most classification systems for medical diagnosis have attempted to minimize the misclassifications (or maximize correctly classified cases). The minimizing misclassification approach assumes that Type I and Type II error costs for misclassification are equal. There is evidence that these costs are not equal and incorporating costs into classification systems can lead to superior outcomes. We use principles of evolution to develop and test a genetic algorithm (GA) based approach that incorporates the asymmetric Type I and Type II error costs. Using simulated and real-life medical data, we show that the proposed approach, incorporating Type I and Type II misclassification costs, results in lower misclassification costs than LDA and GA approaches that do not incorporate these costs.

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