Terpenoids from Marine Soft Coral of the Genus Xenia in 1977 to 2019

Members of the marine soft coral genus Xenia are rich in a diversity of diterpenes. A total of 199 terpenes consisting of 14 sesquiterpenes, 180 diterpenes, and 5 steroids have been reported to date. Xenicane diterpenes were reported to be the most common chemical skeleton biosynthesized by members of this genus. Most of the literature reported the chemical diversity of Xenia collected from the coral reefs in the South China Sea and the coastal waters of Taiwan. Although there was a brief review on the terpenoids of Xenia in 2015, the present review is a comprehensive overview of the structural diversity of secondary metabolites isolated from soft coral genus Xenia and their potent biological activity as reported between 1977 to 2019.

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Chemical Diversity and Biological Activity of Secondary Metabolites from Soft Coral Genus Sinularia since 2013

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19060335 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 335

Author(s):

Xia Yan ◽

Jing Liu ◽

Xue Leng ◽

Han Ouyang

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Coral Species ◽

Soft Coral ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Vital Role ◽

Chemical Diversity ◽

Pharmacological Activities ◽

Lead Compounds ◽

Coral Genus

Sinularia is one of the conspicuous soft coral species widely distributed in the world’s oceans at a depth of about 12 m. Secondary metabolites from the genus Sinularia show great chemical diversity. More than 700 secondary metabolites have been reported to date, including terpenoids, norterpenoids, steroids/steroidal glycosides, and other types. They showed a broad range of potent biological activities. There were detailed reviews on the terpenoids from Sinularia in 2013, and now, it still plays a vital role in the innovation of lead compounds for drug development. The structures, names, and pharmacological activities of compounds isolated from the genus Sinularia from 2013 to March 2021 are summarized in this review.

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Chemical Diversity in Species Belonging to Soft Coral Genus Sacrophyton and Its Impact on Biological Activity: A Review

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md18010041 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yasmin A. Elkhawas ◽

Ahmed M. Elissawy ◽

Mohamed S. Elnaggar ◽

Nada M. Mostafa ◽

Eman Al-Sayed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Coral Species ◽

Soft Coral ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Diversity ◽

The Arctic ◽

Shallow Waters ◽

Pacific Region ◽

Pharmacological Activities ◽

Coral Genus

One of the most widely distributed soft coral species, found especially in shallow waters of the Indo-Pacific region, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, and also the Arctic, is genus Sacrophyton. The total number of species belonging to it was estimated to be 40. Sarcophyton species are considered to be a reservoir of bioactive natural metabolites. Secondary metabolites isolated from members belonging to this genus show great chemical diversity. They are rich in terpenoids, in particular, cembranoids diterpenes, tetratepenoids, triterpenoids, and ceramide, in addition to steroids, sesquiterpenes, and fatty acids. They showed a broad range of potent biological activities, such as antitumor, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, antifouling, and anti-inflammatory activity. This review presents all isolated secondary metabolites from species of genera Sacrophyton, as well as their reported biological activities covering a period of about two decades (1998–2019). It deals with 481 metabolites, including 323 diterpenes, 39 biscembranoids, 11 sesquiterpenes, 53 polyoxygenated sterols, and 55 miscellaneous and their pharmacological activities.

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Secondary Metabolites from the South China Sea Invertebrates: Chemistry and Biological Activity

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/092986706777584960 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 13 (17) ◽

pp. 2041-2090 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Wen Zhang ◽

Yue-Wei Guo ◽

Yucheng Gu

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

South China Sea ◽

South China ◽

The South China Sea ◽

The South ◽

China Sea

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Secondary Metabolites Isolated from the Soft Coral-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. from the South China Sea

Chemistry of Natural Compounds ◽

10.1007/s10600-018-2402-3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 54 (3) ◽

pp. 547-549 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gulab Said ◽

Xiao-Feng Mou ◽

Yao-Wei Fang ◽

Ting-Mei Liang ◽

Mei-Yan Wei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

South China Sea ◽

South China ◽

Soft Coral ◽

The South China Sea ◽

The South ◽

China Sea ◽

Aspergillus Sp

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Structural diversity of terpenoids in the soft coral Sinularia flexibilis, evidenced by a collection from the South China Sea

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c5ra01151e ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (30) ◽

pp. 23973-23980 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Wen-Ting Chen ◽

Jia Li ◽

Jian-Rong Wang ◽

Xu-Wen Li ◽

Yue-Wei Guo

Keyword(s):

South China Sea ◽

South China ◽

Soft Coral ◽

Structural Diversity ◽

The South China Sea ◽

The South ◽

Sinularia Flexibilis ◽

China Sea

Eight new terpenoids, including a rare biscembranoid and a 15-membered macrocyclic diterpenoid, were isolated from South China Sea soft coral Sinularia flexibilis.

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Meroterpenoids: A Comprehensive Update Insight on Structural Diversity and Biology

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11070957 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 957

Author(s):

Mamona Nazir ◽

Muhammad Saleem ◽

Muhammad Imran Tousif ◽

Muhammad Aijaz Anwar ◽

Frank Surup ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Structural Diversity ◽

Chemical Diversity ◽

Biosynthetic Pathways ◽

Natural Sources ◽

Hybrid Compounds ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Meroterpenoids are secondary metabolites formed due to mixed biosynthetic pathways which are produced in part from a terpenoid co-substrate. These mixed biosynthetically hybrid compounds are widely produced by bacteria, algae, plants, and animals. Notably amazing chemical diversity is generated among meroterpenoids via a combination of terpenoid scaffolds with polyketides, alkaloids, phenols, and amino acids. This review deals with the isolation, chemical diversity, and biological effects of 452 new meroterpenoids reported from natural sources from January 2016 to December 2020. Most of the meroterpenoids possess antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, enzyme inhibitory, and immunosupressive effects.

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Species Diversity and Secondary Metabolites of Sarcophyton-Associated Marine Fungi

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26113227 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (11) ◽

pp. 3227

Author(s):

Yuanwei Liu ◽

Kishneth Palaniveloo ◽

Siti Aisyah Alias ◽

Jaya Seelan Sathiya Seelan

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Soft Coral ◽

Marine Fungi ◽

Indole Alkaloids ◽

Structural Diversity ◽

Future Research ◽

Soft Corals ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Symbiotic Relationships ◽

Bioactive Secondary Metabolites

Soft corals are widely distributed across the globe, especially in the Indo-Pacific region, with Sarcophyton being one of the most abundant genera. To date, there have been 50 species of identified Sarcophyton. These soft corals host a diverse range of marine fungi, which produce chemically diverse, bioactive secondary metabolites as part of their symbiotic nature with the soft coral hosts. The most prolific groups of compounds are terpenoids and indole alkaloids. Annually, there are more bio-active compounds being isolated and characterised. Thus, the importance of the metabolite compilation is very much important for future reference. This paper compiles the diversity of Sarcophyton species and metabolites produced by their associated marine fungi, as well as the bioactivity of these identified compounds. A total of 88 metabolites of structural diversity are highlighted, indicating the huge potential these symbiotic relationships hold for future research.

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