scholarly journals Cinnamon as a Useful Preventive Substance for the Care of Human and Plant Health

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (17) ◽  
pp. 5299
Author(s):  
Jolanta Kowalska ◽  
Józef Tyburski ◽  
Kinga Matysiak ◽  
Magdalena Jakubowska ◽  
Joanna Łukaszyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Basic Substance ◽  
Processed Material ◽  
Chemical Pesticides ◽  
Higher Doses

Cinnamon is widely used as a food spice, but due to its antibacterial and pharmacological properties, it can also be used in processing, medicine and agriculture. The word “Cinnamon” can refer to the plant, processed material, or an extract. It is sometimes used as a substance, and sometimes used as a mixture or as compounds or a group. This article reviews research into the effectiveness of various forms of cinnamon for the control of plant diseases and pests in crops and during storage of fruit and vegetables. Cinnamon acts on pests mainly as a repellent, although in higher doses it has a biocidal effect and prevents egg-laying. Cinnamon and its compounds effectively hinder bacterial and fungal growth, and the phytotoxic effects of cinnamon make it a possible herbicide. This article presents the wide practical use of cinnamon for various purposes, mainly in agriculture. Cinnamon is a candidate for approval as a basic substance with protective potential. In particular, it can be used in organic farming as a promising alternative to chemical pesticides for use in plant protection, especially in preventive treatments. The use of natural products is in line with the restriction of the use of chemical pesticides and the principles of the EU’s Green Deal.

scholarly journals Synergistic Antifungal Activity of Graphene Oxide and Fungicides against Fusarium Head Blight In Vitro and In Vivo

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2393
Author(s):  
Xiuping Wang ◽  
Fei Peng ◽  
Caihong Cheng ◽  
Lina Chen ◽  
Xuejuan Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Synergistic Activity

Plant pathogens constantly develop resistance to antimicrobial agents, and this poses great challenges to plant protection. Therefore, there is a pressing need to search for new antimicrobials. The combined use of antimicrobial agents with different antifungal mechanisms has been recognized as a promising approach to manage plant diseases. Graphene oxide (GO) is a newly emerging and highly promising antimicrobial agent against various plant pathogens in agricultural science. In this study, the inhibitory activity of GO combined with fungicides (Mancozeb, Cyproconazol and Difenoconazole) against Fusarium graminearum was investigated in vivo and in vitro. The results revealed that the combination of GO and fungicides has significant synergistic inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth, mycelial biomass and spore germination of F. graminearum relative to single fungicides. The magnitude of synergy was found to depend on the ratio of GO and fungicide in the composite. In field tests, GO–fungicides could significantly reduce the disease incidence and disease severity, exhibiting a significantly improved control efficacy on F. graminearum. The strong synergistic activity of GO with existing fungicides demonstrates the great application potential of GO in pest management.

scholarly journals Performance of Fungal Growth Through Integrated Gompertz Model and Respiratory Quotient by Solid State Fermentation in Multi-Layer Squared Tray Solid State Bioreactor with Aeration Strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musaalbakri Abdul Manan ◽  
Colin Webb
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Solid State Fermentation ◽  
Respiratory Quotient ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
Solid Substrate ◽  
Aspergillus Awamori ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Fungal Activity ◽  
On Line

Abstract A newly designed, laboratory-scaled and multi-layer squared tray solid state bioreactor (SSB), was developed and successfully operated in solid state fermentation (SSF) conditions. The bioreactor was divided into eight layers of squared perforated trays. Wheat bran was used as a solid substrate for the growth of Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillus oryzae. The SSB was equipped with an oxygen (O2)/carbon dioxide (CO2) gas analyser and a thermocouple. Continuous on-line monitoring of fungal growth could be performed by indirect methods that measure O2 consumed, production of CO2 and metabolic heat. The advantage of using this method is that there are no tedious and time-consuming sampling processes. The evolution of CO2, which represents an accumulation term, was integrated with time and fitted to the Gompertz model in a log-like equation. The Gompertz model generated values that may be used to stimulate and verify the experimental data. Results strongly suggest that the evolved and accumulated CO2, excellently described fungal growth. Simulated results agreed with experimental results. The respiratory quotient (RQ), which is the ratio of CO2 evolution rate (CER) to O2 uptake rate (OUR), was determined by the gas balance method. CER and OUR confirmed that measurements correlated to fungal activity. Each RQ values can explain the differences of each SFF process carried out. Yet, heat evolved by fungal activity also described fungal growth. The current findings is an excellent pre-liminary experimental work, evidencing that multi-layer squared tray SSB with forced moistened aeration present a promising alternative of instrumented bioreactors for SSF processes.

scholarly journals Basic and low-risk substances under European Union pesticide regulations: a new choice for biorational portfolios of small and medium-sized enterprises

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice A. Marchand
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Community Action ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Basic Substance ◽  
Strategic Approach ◽  
First Results ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 established a framework for Community action to bring about the sustainable use of pesticides and encourage low concern biorationals. Basic substances described in article 23 of EC phytopharmaceutical Regulation No 1107/2009 consist of a new operative category for crop protection products with 16 substances approved so far. Another status, ruled by article 22 is also operative with 11 approved low-risk substances (see EU pesticide database). Now small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have the opportunity to register biorationals at the EU level in one of the two categories. Our institute previously provided technical expertise on how to complete the Basic Substance Application (BSA), together with a description of first results. However it is clear that there is a need for a shorter survey of the two parallel procedures for SMEs. Here we provide a concise sequence of the necessary steps for SMEs, including strategic approach, a rapid steps description, a timeframe for the global pathway, up to the final step, after approval by the Plants, Animals, Food and Feed Standing Committee (PAFF). We present in detail the advantages and limitations of the two statutes. The introduction of approved substances into organic farming is also discussed. Currently basic and low-risk substance pathways are now accessible for biorationals handled by SMEs. Therefore, the option is open for SMEs to seek a possibly low-risk active substances endorsement with market authorizations or a basic substance approval with no plant protection product claims depending on the selected strategy.

RNA Interference Mechanisms and Applications in Plant Pathology

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 581-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Rosa ◽  
Yen-Wen Kuo ◽  
Hada Wuriyanghan ◽  
Bryce W. Falk
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Gene Function ◽  
Small Rnas ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Antiviral Defense ◽  
Endogenous Genes

The origin of RNA interference (RNAi), the cell sentinel system widely shared among eukaryotes that recognizes RNAs and specifically degrades or prevents their translation in cells, is suggested to predate the last eukaryote common ancestor ( 138 ). Of particular relevance to plant pathology is that in plants, but also in some fungi, insects, and lower eukaryotes, RNAi is a primary and effective antiviral defense, and recent studies have revealed that small RNAs (sRNAs) involved in RNAi play important roles in other plant diseases, including those caused by cellular plant pathogens. Because of this, and because RNAi can be manipulated to interfere with the expression of endogenous genes in an intra- or interspecific manner, RNAi has been used as a tool in studies of gene function but also for plant protection. Here, we review the discovery of RNAi, canonical mechanisms, experimental and translational applications, and new RNA-based technologies of importance to plant pathology.

Clonostachys rosea to control plant diseases

2021 ◽  
pp. 429-472
Author(s):  
Dan Funck Jensen ◽  
◽  
Mukesh Dubey ◽  
Birgit Jensen ◽  
Magnus Karlsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Bumble Bees ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Clonostachys Rosea ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Rhizosphere Competence ◽  
Potential Use

The fungus Clonostachys rosea was recognized as an aggressive parasite on other fungi already in the late 1950s. Research into its potential use in biological control of plant diseases soon followed. Today, there are several commercial products based on C. rosea available for biocontrol applications worldwide. Although its mycoparasitic ability has attracted a lot of interest, C. rosea is now viewed as an ecological generalist whose lifestyle also includes plant endophytism, rhizosphere competence and polyphagous ability. Protocols for producing high amounts of C. rosea spores are available for both solid state and liquid fermentation. Low temperature and low moisture content are key factors that influence the shelf life of C. rosea propagules. Products based on C. rosea can be delivered to flowers using bumble bees, applied by spraying or as seed dressing or by incorporation into the soil. Clonostachys rosea is today an established factor in sustainable plant protection strategies.

scholarly journals Lesson from Ecotoxicity: Revisiting the Microbial Lipopeptides for the Management of Emerging Diseases for Crop Protection

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1434
Author(s):  
Deepti Malviya ◽  
Pramod Kumar Sahu ◽  
Udai B. Singh ◽  
Surinder Paul ◽  
Amrita Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Biological Pest Control ◽  
Biofilm Inhibition

Microorganisms area treasure in terms of theproduction of various bioactive compounds which are being explored in different arenas of applied sciences. In agriculture, microbes and their bioactive compounds are being utilized in growth promotion and health promotion withnutrient fortification and its acquisition. Exhaustive explorations are unraveling the vast diversity of microbialcompounds with their potential usage in solving multiferous problems incrop production. Lipopeptides are one of such microbial compounds which havestrong antimicrobial properties against different plant pathogens. These compounds are reported to be produced by bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and few other microorganisms; however, genus Bacillus alone produces a majority of diverse lipopeptides. Lipopeptides are low molecular weight compounds which havemultiple industrial roles apart from being usedas biosurfactants and antimicrobials. In plant protection, lipopeptides have wide prospects owing totheirpore-forming ability in pathogens, siderophore activity, biofilm inhibition, and dislodging activity, preventing colonization bypathogens, antiviral activity, etc. Microbes with lipopeptides that haveall these actions are good biocontrol agents. Exploring these antimicrobial compounds could widen the vistasof biological pest control for existing and emerging plant pathogens. The broader diversity and strong antimicrobial behavior of lipopeptides could be a boon for dealing withcomplex pathosystems and controlling diseases of greater economic importance. Understanding which and how these compounds modulate the synthesis and production of defense-related biomolecules in the plants is a key question—the answer of whichneeds in-depth investigation. The present reviewprovides a comprehensive picture of important lipopeptides produced by plant microbiome, their isolation, characterization, mechanisms of disease control, behavior against phytopathogens to understand different aspects of antagonism, and potential prospects for future explorations as antimicrobial agents. Understanding and exploring the antimicrobial lipopeptides from bacteria and fungi could also open upan entire new arena of biopesticides for effective control of devastating plant diseases.

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