scholarly journals Recovery and Detection of Enteric Viruses from Non-Traditional Irrigation Water Sources

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brienna L. Anderson-Coughlin ◽  
Kalmia E. Kniel
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Aichi Virus ◽  
Water Types ◽  
Virus Adsorption ◽  
Traditional Irrigation

The variability of environmental water samples impacts the allowance of one method to be universally ideal for all water types and volumes. Surface and reclaimed waters can be used for crop irrigation and may be referred to as non-traditional irrigation waters as these water types may be associated with a higher risk of microbial contamination compared to groundwater. These waters are typically more microbially and chemically complex than groundwater and have a higher risk of viral contamination. To detect viruses in these water types, an infinite number of variations can be made to traditional recovery methods. This protocol was developed based on a commonly used virus adsorption and elution (VIRADEL) method. Additional steps were included to simplify and efficiently reduce particulates in the viral concentrate and remove DNA from eluted nucleic acids prior to detection. Method alterations allow for volumes up to 40 liters to be processed with consistent recovery of enteric viruses including Aichi virus, hepatitis A virus, and noroviruses belonging to genogroups GI and GII. No inhibition was observed among either surface or reclaimed water samples. This protocol could be utilized in the monitoring of a wide array of irrigation water sources throughout irrigation processes.

Validity of serological methods (ELISA) for detecting infectious viruses in water

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 307-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Nasser ◽  
Y. Tchorch ◽  
B. Fattal
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Virus Survival ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽  
Raw Wastewater

Detection of cultivable enteric viruses in environmental water samples in tissue culture is time consuming and expensive. Moreover, some important enteric viruses grow very slowly (Hepatitis A virus) or do not grow as yet (Norwalk) in tissue culture. Therefore, sensitive serological and molecular methods have been developed to simplify and speed the detection of viruses in environmental samples. This study was conducted to test the reliability of serological methods to monitor the presence of viable viruses in natural waters. The study was performed with poliovirus purified in CsCl gradients and impure virus. Poliovirus 1 either purified or impure was seeded in raw wastewater, groundwater and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and incubated for 20 days at 4°C, 20°C and 30°C. Virus survival was monitored by a nylon filter A-ELISA and plaque-assay in BGM cells. In all water samples at 4°C, no die-off was observed neither by A-ELISA nor by plaque-assay. In wastewater and groundwater at 20°C and 30°C, greater die-off was observed with A-ELISA than with plaque-assay. Purified poliovirus was undetectable by the A-ELISA after two days of incubation at 20°C in wastewater and groundwater, whereas under the same conditions, only 2log10 reduction were observed in the titer of poliovirus 1. The data of this study have shown that in all cases, a positive test by A-ELISA was also positive by the plaque-assay. Therefore, a positive result of A-ELISA indicates the presence of viable virus in natural waters.

scholarly journals Enteric Viruses and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus Show Significant Correlation in Select Mid-Atlantic Agricultural Waters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brienna L. Anderson-Coughlin ◽  
Shani Craighead ◽  
Alyssa Kelly ◽  
Samantha Gartley ◽  
Adam Vanore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Pepper Mild Mottle Virus ◽  
Atlantic Region ◽  
Viral Pathogen

Enteric viruses (EV) are the largest contributors to foodborne illness and outbreaks globally. Their ability to persist in the environment, coupled with the challenges experienced in environmental monitoring create a critical aperture through which agricultural crops may become contaminated. This study involved a seventeen-month investigation of select human enteric viruses and viral indicators in non-traditional irrigation water sources, surface and reclaimed waters, in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Real-time quantitative PCR was used for detection of Aichi virus, hepatitis A virus, noroviruses GI and GII. Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a common viral indicator of human fecal contamination, was also evaluated along with atmospheric (air and water temperature, cloud cover, and precipitation 24 h, 7 d and 14 d prior to sample collection) and physicochemical (dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity and turbidity) data to determine if there were any association between EV and measured parameters. EV were detected more frequently in reclaimed waters (32%, n=22) than in surface waters (4%, n=49) similar to PMMoV detection frequency in surface (33%, n=42) and reclaimed (67%, n=21) water. Our data show a significant correlation between EV and PMMoV (R2=0.628; p<0.05) detection in reclaimed water samples, but not in surface waters (R2=0.476; p=0.78). Water salinity significantly affected the detection of both EV and PMMoV (p<0.05) as demonstrated by logistic regression analyses. These results provide relevant insights into the extent and degree of association between human enteric (pathogenic) viruses and water quality data in Mid-Atlantic surface and reclaimed waters as potential sources for agricultural irrigation. IMPORTANCE Microbiological analysis of agricultural waters is fundamental to ensure microbial food safety. The highly variable nature of non-traditional sources of irrigation water are particularly difficult to test for the presence of viruses. Multiple characteristics influence viral persistence in a water source as well as affect the recovery and detection methods which are employed. Testing for a suite of viruses in water samples is often too costly and labor intensive, making identification of suitable indicators for viral pathogen contamination necessary. The results from this study address two critical data gaps: enteric virus prevalence in surface and reclaimed waters of the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States and subsequent evaluation of physicochemical and atmospheric parameters used to inform the potential for use of indicators of viral contamination.

scholarly journals un Identification of enteric viruses from raw water using fluoro-immuno-magnetic separation coupled to RT-PCR

Biomédica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Villamizar ◽  
Dioselina Peláez-Carvajal ◽  
Luis Felipe Acero
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Separation ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Contaminated Food

Introduction: Enteric viruses have been associated with the production of a variety of diseases transmitted by the fecal-oral route, carried through contaminated food and water. Given their structure and composition, they are highly resistant to environmental conditions and most of the chemical agents used in the purification processes. Therefore, a systematic monitoring of raw water is necessary to ensure its quality, especially, when it is used as feedstock for the production of drinking water for human consumption. Objective: In the present work the presence of Rotavirus and Hepatitis A Virus was identified by means of the fluoro-immuno-magnetic separation technique (FIMS) in raw water taken from four purification plants in the Norte de Santander department including their water supplies. Materials and methodos: The viruses were captured and separated from the water samples, using magnetic microparticles functionalized with monoclonal anti-Hepatitis A and anti-Rotavirus antibodies. Confocal microscopy was used to monitor the viral concentration process and transmission electron microscopy for morphological visualization of the separated viruses. The reverse transcriptase-coupled polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was applied to confirm the presence of pathogens. Results: The two enteric viruses were identified in most of the analyzed water samples, including their water supply sources. Conclusion: It was possible to determine that the FIMS technique coupled to RT-PCR is highly effective technique in the detection of viral pathogens, in complex matrices such as raw water.

Detection of Human Enteric Viruses in Japanese Clams

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1689-1695 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRANT S. HANSMAN ◽  
TOMOICHIRO OKA ◽  
TIAN-CHENG LI ◽  
OSAMU NISHIO ◽  
MAMORU NODA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Aichi Virus ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Group A ◽  
Human Enteric Viruses ◽  
High Level

A total of 57 clam packages that were collected from supermarkets and fish markets from 11 different sites in western Japan between 8 December 2005 and 6 September 2006 were examined for human enteric viruses (i.e., norovirus, Aichi virus, rotavirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A virus, and astrovirus), using PCR and reverse transcription PCR. Sixty-one percent of the packages were contaminated with one type of virus, 9% had two different types of viruses, 28% had three different types of viruses, and 9% had at least four different types of viruses. Thirty-one (54%) of 57 packages were contaminated with noroviruses. Norovirus genogroup I and genogroup II sequences were detected in 24 and 23 packages, respectively, and these sequences belonged to nine genogroup I and eight genogroup II genotypes. Aichi viruses were found in 19 (33%) of 57 packages, and these belonged to genogroup A. Rotaviruses (group A) were detected in 14 (42%) of 33 of packages and 9 of 14 rotavirus-positive packages contained two or more rotavirus genogroup types. Adenoviruses (Ad40 and Ad41) were detected in 17 (52%) of 33 packages. One of the 57 (2%) packages was positive with hepatitis A virus (subtype IA). Astrovirus was not detected in any of the packages. This is the first study to detect such a high level of contamination in Japanese clams. These results represent an important finding because the Japanese clams were considered suitable for human consumption. Further studies are needed to determine the health risks associated with eating these highly contaminated clams.

P.314 Hepatitis A virus in environmental water samples from Amazon Basin

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. S158
Author(s):  
V.S. De Paula ◽  
L. Diniz-Mendes ◽  
L.M. Villar ◽  
S.B. Luz ◽  
A.C. Gaspar
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Environmental Water Samples

scholarly journals Vulnerability of Drinking-Water Wells in La Crosse, Wisconsin, to Enteric-Virus Contamination from Surface Water Contributions

2004 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 5937-5946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Borchardt ◽  
Nathaniel L. Haas ◽  
Randall J. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Water Wells

ABSTRACT Human enteric viruses can contaminate municipal drinking-water wells, but few studies have examined the routes by which viruses enter these wells. In the present study, the objective was to monitor the municipal wells of La Crosse, Wisconsin, for enteric viruses and determine whether the amount of Mississippi River water infiltrating the wells was related to the frequency of virus detection. From March 2001 to February 2002, one river water site and four wells predicted by hydrogeological modeling to have variable degrees of surface water contributions were sampled monthly for enteric viruses, microbial indicators of sanitary quality, and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes. 18O/16O and 2H/1H ratios were used to determine the level of surface water contributions. All samples were collected prior to chlorination at the wellhead. By reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), 24 of 48 municipal well water samples (50%) were positive for enteric viruses, including enteroviruses, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and noroviruses. Of 12 river water samples, 10 (83%) were virus positive by RT-PCR. Viable enteroviruses were not detected by cell culture in the well samples, although three well samples were positive for culturable HAV. Enteroviruses detected in the wells by RT-PCR were identified as several serotypes of echoviruses and group A and group B coxsackieviruses. None of the well water samples was positive for indicators of sanitary quality, namely male-specific and somatic coliphages, total coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, and fecal enterococci. Contrary to expectations, viruses were found in all wells regardless of the level of surface water contributions. This result suggests that there were other unidentified sources, in addition to surface water, responsible for the contamination.

scholarly journals Occurrence of water-borne enteric viruses in two settlements based in Eastern Chad: analysis of hepatitis E virus, hepatitis A virus and human adenovirus in water sources

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Guerrero-Latorre ◽  
Anna Carratala ◽  
Jesus Rodriguez-Manzano ◽  
Byron Calgua ◽  
Ayalkibet Hundesa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Human Adenoviruses ◽  
Water Borne

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of water-borne acute hepatitis in areas with poor sanitation. In 2004 an outbreak of HEV infection affected around 2,000 people in Eastern Chad (Dar Sila). This paper describes the decrease in the incidence of acute jaundice syndrome (AJS) from 2004 until 2009 when a mean incidence of 0.48 cases/1,000 people/year was recorded in the region. Outbreaks of AJS were identified in some of the camps in 2007 and 2008. Moreover, water samples from drinking water sources were screened for human adenoviruses considered as viral indicators and for hepatitis A virus and HEV. Screening of faecal samples from donkeys for HEV gave negative results. Some of the samples were also analysed for faecal coliforms showing values before disinfection treatment between 3 and &gt;50 colony forming units per 100 mL. All water samples tested were negative for HEV and HAV; however, the presence of low levels of human adenoviruses in 4 out of 16 samples analysed indicates possible human faecal contamination of groundwater. Consequently, breakdowns in the treatment of drinking water and/or increased excretion of hepatitis viruses, which could be related to the arrival of a new population, could spread future outbreaks through drinking water.

scholarly journals Quantitative PCR Detection of Enteric Viruses in Wastewater and Environmental Water Sources by the Lisbon Municipality: A Case Study

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Teixeira ◽  
Sílvia Costa ◽  
Bárbara Brown ◽  
Susana Silva ◽  
Raquel Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Pcr Detection ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Treated Effluent

Current regulations and legislation require critical revision to determine safety for alternative water sources and water reuse as part of the solution to global water crisis. In order to fulfill those demands, Lisbon municipality decided to start water reuse as part of a sustainable hydric resources management, and there was a need to confirm safety and safeguard for public health for its use in this context. For this purpose, a study was designed that included a total of 88 samples collected from drinking, superficial, underground water, and wastewater at three different treatment stages. Quantitative Polimerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detection (qPCR) of enteric viruses Norovirus (NoV) genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) and Hepatitis A (HepA) was performed, and also FIB (E. coli, enterococci and fecal coliforms) concentrations were assessed. HepA virus was only detected in one untreated influent sample, whereas NoV GI/ NoV GI were detected in untreated wastewater (100/100%), secondary treated effluent (47/73%), and tertiary treated effluent (33/20%). Our study proposes that NoV GI and GII should be further studied to provide the support that they may be suitable indicators for water quality monitoring targeting wastewater treatment efficiency, regardless of the level of treatment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document