Novel Perspectives towards RNA-Based Nano-Theranostic Approaches for Cancer Management

In the fight against cancer, early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment. Traditional cancer diagnostic technologies, on the other hand, have limitations that make early detection difficult. Therefore, multi-functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) and nano-biosensors have revolutionized the era of cancer diagnosis and treatment for targeted action via attaching specified and biocompatible ligands to target the tissues, which are highly over-expressed in certain types of cancers. Advancements in multi-functionalized NPs can be achieved via modifying molecular genetics to develop personalized and targeted treatments based on RNA interference. Modification in RNA therapies utilized small RNA subunits in the form of small interfering RNAs (siRNA) for overexpressing the specific genes of, most commonly, breast, colon, gastric, cervical, and hepatocellular cancer. RNA-conjugated nanomaterials appear to be the gold standard for preventing various malignant tumors through focused diagnosis and delivering to a specific tissue, resulting in cancer cells going into programmed death. The latest advances in RNA nanotechnology applications for cancer diagnosis and treatment are summarized in this review.

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Physician specialties involved in thyroid cancer diagnosis and treatment: Implications for improving healthcare disparities

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/clinem/dgab781 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Archana Radhakrishnan ◽

David Reyes-Gastelum ◽

Paul Abrahamse ◽

Brittany Gay ◽

Sarah T Hawley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Los Angeles ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Primary Care Physicians ◽

Response Rate ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Cancer Management ◽

Patient Reported ◽

Hispanic Patients ◽

Race Ethnicity

Abstract Context Little is known about provider specialties involved in thyroid cancer diagnosis and management. Objective Characterize providers involved in diagnosing and treating thyroid cancer. Design/Setting/Participants We surveyed patients with differentiated thyroid cancer from the Georgia and Los Angeles County SEER registries (N=2632, 63% response rate). Patients identified their primary care physicians (PCP), who were also surveyed (N=162, 56% response rate). Main outcome measures 1) patient-reported provider involvement (endocrinologist, surgeon, PCP) at diagnosis and treatment; 2) PCP-reported involvement (more vs. less) and comfort (more vs. less) with discussing diagnosis and treatment. Results Among thyroid cancer patients, 40.6% reported being informed of their diagnosis by their surgeon, 37.9% by their endocrinologist, and 13.5% by their PCP. Patients reported discussing their treatment with their surgeon (71.7%), endocrinologist (69.6%), and PCP (33.3%). Physician specialty involvement in diagnosis and treatment varied by patient race/ethnicity and age. For example, Hispanic patients (vs. non-Hispanic White) were more likely to report their PCP informed them of their diagnosis (OR: 1.68, 95%CI: 1.24-2.27). Patients ≥65years (vs. <45years) were more likely to discuss treatment with their PCP (OR: 1.59; 95%CI 1.22-2.08). Although 74% of PCPs reported discussing their patients’ diagnosis and 62% their treatment, only 66% and 48% respectively were comfortable doing so. Conclusions PCPs were involved in thyroid cancer diagnosis and treatment and their involvement was greater among older patients and patients of minority race/ethnicity . This suggests an opportunity to leverage PCP involvement in thyroid cancer management to improve health and quality of care outcomes for vulnerable patients.

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Tissue and Cell-Free DNA-Based Epigenomic Approaches for Cancer Detection

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1373/clinchem.2019.303594 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 105-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Alessandro Leal ◽

David Sidransky ◽

Mariana Brait

Keyword(s):

Cancer Detection ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Unmet Need ◽

Clinical Routine ◽

Commercial Development ◽

Cell Free Dna ◽

Cancer Management ◽

Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽

Free Dna

Abstract BACKGROUND Over 9 million people die of cancer each year worldwide, reflecting the unmet need for effective biomarkers for both cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer diagnosis is complex because the majority of malignant tumors present with long periods of latency and lack of clinical presentation at early stages. During carcinogenesis, premalignant cells experience changes in their epigenetic landscapes, such as differential DNA methylation, histone modifications, nucleosome positioning, and higher orders of chromatin changes that confer growth advantage and contribute to determining the biologic phenotype of human cancers. CONTENT Recent progress in microarray platforms and next-generation sequencing approaches has allowed the characterization of abnormal epigenetic patterns genome wide in a large number of cancer cases. The sizable amount of processed data also comes with challenges regarding data management and assessment for effective biomarker exploration to be further applied in prospective clinical trials. Epigenetics-based single or panel tests of genes are being explored for clinical management to fulfill unmet needs in oncology. The advance of these tests to the clinical routine will depend on rigorous, extensive, and independent validation in well-annotated cohort of patients and commercial development of clinical routine–friendly and adequate procedures. SUMMARY In this review we discuss the analytic validation of tissue and cell-free DNA-based epigenomic approaches for early cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring and the clinical utility of candidate epigenetic alterations applied to colorectal, glioblastoma, breast, prostate, bladder, and lung cancer management.

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Hepatocellular Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment

Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England ◽

10.1308/rcsann.2006.88.1.87b ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 88 (1) ◽

pp. 87-88

Author(s):

Muntzer Mughal

Keyword(s):

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Hepatocellular Cancer ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment

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Application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer

Journal of Nanobiotechnology ◽

10.1186/s12951-021-01104-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yadong Xu ◽

Cheng Luo ◽

Jieqiong Wang ◽

Lingwu Chen ◽

Junxing Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bladder Cancer ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Targeted Delivery ◽

Complete Removal ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Invasive Bladder Cancer ◽

Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer ◽

Cancer Management ◽

Sample Test ◽

Muscle Invasive

AbstractBladder cancer (BC) is a common malignancy in the genitourinary system and the current theranostic approaches are unsatisfactory. Sensitivity and specificity of current diagnosis methods are not ideal and high recurrence and progression rates after initial treatment indicate the urgent need for management improvements in clinic. Nanotechnology has been proposed as an effective method to improve theranosis efficiency for both non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). For example, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been developed for simple, fast and sensitive urinary sample test for bladder cancer diagnosis. Nanoparticles targeting bladder cancers can facilitate to distinguish the normal and abnormal bladder tissues during cystoscopy and thus help with the complete removal of malignant lesions. Both intravenous and intravesical agents can be modified by nanotechnology for targeted delivery, high anti-tumor efficiency and excellent tolerability, exhibiting encouraging potential in bladder cancer treatment. Photosensitizers and biological agents can also be delivered by nanotechnology, intermediating phototherapy and targeted therapy. The management of bladder cancer remained almost unchanged for decades with unsatisfactory effect. However, it is likely to change with the fast-developed nanotechnology. Herein we summarized the current utility of nanotechnology in bladder cancer diagnosis and treatment, providing insights for the future designing and discovering novel nanoparticles for bladder cancer management. Graphical Abstract

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Cancer Classification at the Crossroads

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers12040980 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 980 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Antonino Carbone

Keyword(s):

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Cancer Genomics ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Molecular Genetic ◽

Cancer Control ◽

The Body ◽

World Health ◽

Strong Impact ◽

Cancer Management ◽

Starting Point

Internationally accepted classifications of malignant tumors, developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), are based on the histotype, site of origin, morphologic grade, and spread of cancer throughout the body. The WHO classifications are the foundation of cancer diagnosis and the starting point for cancer management. Starting in 2000, the WHO classifications began to include biologic and molecular–genetic features. These developments are having a strong impact on cancer diagnosis and treatment, and this impact is amplifying, given the advances in cancer genomics. Molecular–genetic profiling can be used to refine existing classifications of tumors and, for a small but increasing number of cancers, even determine the treatment irrespective of histotype. Here I discuss how cancer classifications may change in the era of cancer genomics.

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