Food Sources and Nutrient Intakes of Filipino Working Adults

Nutrition is an integral part of economic development, since it influences workers’ health and productivity. This study evaluated the usual nutrient intakes and food sources of working adults. We conducted a cross-sectional survey that involved 1264 selected working adults aged 19 to 59 years old from randomly selected job sectors. Quantitative dietary data was collected by a 2-day, non-consecutive 24 h recall, while a dietary diversity questionnaire was used to assess the types and frequency of foods consumed. Physical activity was measured using the World Health Organization global physical assessment questionnaire. The prevalence of inadequate intakes, defined as the percentage of adults with intakes less than the estimated average requirements (EAR) or acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) were estimated using the PC—Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE) program. The mean daily energy intake of working adults was 1768 kcal/day or 74% of the Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) for this age group. The percentage contribution to the total energy of fats (58%) and proteins (34%) were excessively high. Consumption of fruits and vegetables was only 30% and 40% of the recommended nutrient intake, respectively. Salt intake was 52% above the adequate intake. Nutrient inadequacy was high in almost all nutrients, including iron (99%), folate (97.9%), riboflavin (95.8%), calcium (94.7%), vitamin C (87.3%), and thiamin (76.6%). The top five food sources of energy included rice (35.6%), pork (15.1%), fats and oils (4.7%), chicken (4.4%), and bread (3.8%). Energy and nutrient intakes of working adults is extremely sub-optimal due to the consumption of few nutrient-dense foods. This may pose a triple burden of malnutrition if left unsolved.

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Salt intake and its sources in children, adolescents and adults in Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal ◽

10.26719/emhj.20.142 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Noushin Mohammadifard ◽

Atena Mahdavi ◽

Alireza Khosravi ◽

Ahmad Esmaillzadeh ◽

Awat Feizi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Salt Intake ◽

World Health ◽

Food Sources ◽

Islamic Republic ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽

Added Salt

Background: There is little evidence about salt intake and its food sources in the Iranian population, especially in children and adolescents. Aims: To investigate salt intake and dietary sources in Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2014–2015. We randomly selected 1384 adults (50.3% female, 49.7% male) aged > 18 years [mean 37.9 (10.6) years], and 786 children and adolescents (50.9% male, 49.1% female) aged 618 years [mean 12.5 (3.4) years]. All participants underwent a dietary assessment for salt intake, using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Results: The total salt intake was 10.9 (3.4) g/day in adults and 10.3 (2.9) g/day in children and adolescents. Added salt was the primary source of salt intake, followed by bread and cheese in both groups. Salt intake was related significantly to being younger, male, a smoker, less educated and physically active in the adult group. In children and adolescents, it was significantly associated with increasing age, male sex, low physical activity and parents’ education level (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Salt intake in Isfahan was more than twice that recommended by the World Health Organization. The main source of sodium was added salt, followed bread and cheese. Future national studies are warranted to assess the dietary salt intake and its main sources in different provinces in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Salt intake and its sources in children, adolescents and adults in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal ◽

10.26719/2021.27.3.279 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 279-286

Author(s):

Noushin Mohammadifard ◽

Atena Mahdavi ◽

Alireza Khosravi ◽

Ahmad Esmaillzadeh ◽

Awat Feizi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Salt Intake ◽

World Health ◽

Food Sources ◽

Islamic Republic ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽

Added Salt

Background: There is little evidence about salt intake and its food sources in the Iranian population, especially in children and adolescents. Aims: To investigate salt intake and dietary sources in Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2014–2015. We randomly selected 1384 adults (50.3% female, 49.7% male) aged > 18 years [mean 37.9 (10.6) years], and 786 children and adolescents (50.9% male, 49.1% female) aged 6-18 years [mean 12.5 (3.4) years]. All participants underwent a dietary assessment for salt intake, using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Results: The total salt intake was 10.9 (3.4) g/day in adults and 10.3 (2.9) g/day in children and adolescents. Added salt was the primary source of salt intake, followed by bread and cheese in both groups. Salt intake was related significantly to being younger, male, a smoker, less educated and physically active in the adult group. In children and adolescents, it was significantly associated with increasing age, male sex, low physical activity and parents’ education level (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Salt intake in Isfahan was more than twice that recommended by the World Health Organization. The main source of sodium was added salt, followed bread and cheese. Future national studies are warranted to assess the dietary salt intake and its main sources in different provinces in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Mean Dietary Salt Intake in Vanuatu: A Population Survey of 755 Participants on Efate Island

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11040916 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 916

Author(s):

Katherine Paterson ◽

Nerida Hinge ◽

Emalie Sparks ◽

Kathy Trieu ◽

Joseph Alvin Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Intake ◽

Urine Samples ◽

World Health ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Middle Income ◽

Dietary Salt Intake ◽

Spot Urine ◽

Salt Consumption

Non-communicable diseases are responsible for 63% of global deaths, with a higher burden in low- and middle-income countries. Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular-disease-related deaths worldwide, and approximately 1.7 million deaths are directly attributable to excess salt intake annually. There has been little research conducted on the level of salt consumption amongst the population of Vanuatu. Based on data from other Pacific Island countries and knowledge of changing regional diets, it was predicted that salt intake would exceed the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended maximum of 5 g per day. The current study aimed to provide Vanuatu with a preliminary baseline assessment of population salt intake on Efate Island. A cross-sectional survey collected demographic, clinical, and urine data from participants aged 18 to 69 years in rural and urban communities on Efate Island in October 2016 and February 2017. Mean salt intake was determined to be 7.2 (SD 2.3) g/day from spot urine samples, and 5.9 (SD 3.6) g/day from 24-h urine samples, both of which exceed the WHO recommended maximum. Based on the spot urine samples, males had significantly higher salt intake than females (7.8 g compared to 6.5 g; p < 0.001) and almost 85% of the population consumed more than the WHO recommended maximum daily amount. A coordinated government strategy is recommended to reduce salt consumption, including fiscal policies, engagement with the food industry, and education and awareness-raising to promote behavior change.

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Care and not wealth is a predictor of wasting and stunting of ‘The Coffee Kids’ of Jimma Zone, southwest Ethiopia

Nutrition and Health ◽

10.1177/0260106017706253 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 193-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Kalkidan Hassen Abate ◽

Tefera Belachew

Keyword(s):

Dietary Diversity ◽

World Health ◽

Feeding Practice ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Child Feeding ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Southwest Ethiopia ◽

Household Level ◽

Young Child Feeding ◽

Jimma Zone

Background: The generation of cash from agricultural products is the mainstay of the livelihood of many households in developing countries. However, critics of cash cropping have highlighted its influence on dietary diversity and availability of food at the household level, eroding the potential for optimal child caring practices. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was carried out in three randomly selected coffee-producing districts of Jimma Zone in southwest Ethiopia. The underlying causes of malnutrition, food access, hygiene and care were assessed using the household food insecurity access scale, morbidity reports and infant and young child feeding practice core indicators of the World Health Organization. Anthropometric data were converted into weight for age, height for age, body mass index for age and weight for height Z-scores to determine child nutritional outcomes. Results: Prevalence of underweight, wasting, stunting and thinness were 14.2%, 9.1%, 24.1% and 9.9%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression showed that children with suboptimal meal frequency were more than three times more likely to develop wasting (AOR = 3.3, p < 0.0001). Female children were twice as likely to develop wasting compared with males (AOR = 2.00, 4.1, p = 0.05). Children with suboptimal dietary diversity were almost four times as likely to develop stunting (AOR = 3.95, p < 0.0001). Those who were not exclusively breastfed during their first 6 months were almost five times as likely to develop stunting (AOR = 4.66, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The findings imply that in coffee-producing areas, child caring practices are stronger independent predictors of nutritional status than wealth or economic indicators alone.

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Contribution of forest foods to dietary intake and their association with household food insecurity: a cross-sectional study in women from rural Cameroon

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980016001324 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (17) ◽

pp. 3185-3196 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Robert Fungo ◽

John Muyonga ◽

Margaret Kabahenda ◽

Archileo Kaaya ◽

Clement A Okia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Food Insecurity ◽

Food Consumption ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Household Food Insecurity ◽

Nutrient Intakes ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Household Food ◽

Forest Foods

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the contribution of forest foods to dietary intake and estimate their association with household food insecurity.DesignCross-sectional survey conducted among 279 households. Using a 7 d recall questionnaire, information on household food consumption was collected from women and used to determine the household dietary diversity score, food variety score and forest food consumption score (FFCS). Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) score was determined and Spearman rank correlation was used to establish the relationship between consumption of forest foods and HFIAS score. Women’s dietary intake was estimated from two 24 h recalls. The contribution of forest foods to women’s nutrient intakes was calculated and women’s nutrient intakes were compared with estimated average nutrient requirements.SettingRural forest-dependent households in twelve villages in eastern and southern Cameroon.SubjectsHousehold heads and their non-pregnant, non-lactating spouses.ResultsForty-seven unique forest foods were identified; of these, seventeen were consumed by 98 % of respondents over the course of one week and by 17 % of women during the two 24 h recall periods. Although forest foods contributed approximately half of women’s total daily energy intake, considerably greater contributions were made to vitamin A (93 %), Na (100 %), Fe (85 %), Zn (88 %) and Ca (89 %) intakes. Despite a highly biodiverse pool of foods, most households (83 %) suffered from high food insecurity based on the HFIAS. A significant inverse correlation was observed between the HFIAS score and the FFCS (r2=−0·169, P=0·0006), demonstrating that forest foods play an important role in ensuring food security in these forest-dependent communities.ConclusionsForest foods are widely consumed by forest-dependent communities. Given their rich nutrient content, they have potential to contribute to food and nutrition security.

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Snack Consumption Pattern of Adults in the University of Calabar & its Health Implications

European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety ◽

10.9734/ejnfs/2019/v10i130095 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 43-49

Author(s):

Eridiong O. Onyenweaku ◽

Gregory E. Oko ◽

Winifred A. Fila

Keyword(s):

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Consumption Pattern ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Dietary Intake Assessment ◽

Snack Consumption ◽

The University

Aims: To determine the snack consumption pattern of adults and the effect of consumption of certain snacks on the health status of adults in the University of Calabar. Study design: Cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: University of Calabar, Calabar - Nigeria. June to July, 2017. Methodology: After a multi-staged random sampling technique, a cross-sectional survey was carried out on 400 adult respondents using a well-structured questionnaire. Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and 24hour dietary recall were also administered to the respondents. The data obtained from the survey instruments were analysed with the aid of Microsoft excel. For the dietary intake assessment, Food and Agricultural Organisation’s (FAO) ‘Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity’ was used to calculate individual’s dietary diversity score (DDS) before recording. Results: It was observed that 84% of the respondents skipped meals and breakfast was the most skipped meal followed by lunch. Most people (46%) skipped breakfast because they left early for work while majority who skipped lunch did so because they had no time for food at work (53%). Only 8.6% of the respondents did not eat snacks, and most of those who consumed snacks did so because they preferred snacks to food (32%). The most commonly consumed snacks among the respondents was pastries (36.5%), followed by biscuits (25.7%) while the least consumed snacks were vegetables (1%) followed by sweets and gums (1.1%). Consequently, pastries contributed the most snack calories to the study population. Conclusion: Most people skip meals; and snacks serve as a substitute for such skipped meals. Only few people frequently consume healthy snacks such as fruits and vegetables. Most people were discovered to eat pastries as snacks and these pastries (such as cakes and pies) are highly processed foods which could increase the risk of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in their consumers.

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Factors Associated With Feeding And Caregiving Practices For Children Under Five In Lowland Nepal: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1066793/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sophiya Dulal ◽

Audrey Prost ◽

Surendra Karki ◽

Dafna Merom ◽

Bhim Prasad Shrestha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Childhood ◽

Complementary Feeding ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Childhood Development ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Access To Books

Abstract Background: While nurturing care, including adequate nutrition and responsive caregiving and early learning, is critical to early childhood development, national surveys in Nepal highlight inequalities in feeding and parental caregiving practices. This study aimed to document and analyse infant and young child feeding (IYCF) and cognitive and socio-emotional caregiving practices among caregivers of children under age five in Dhanusha district, Nepal. Methods: We used a subset of data from the MIRA Dhanusha cluster randomised controlled trial, including mother-child dyads (N=1360) when children were aged 0-12 months and a follow-up survey of the same mother-child dyads (N=1352) when children were 7-59 months. We used World Health Organization IYCF indicators and questions from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey-4 tool to obtain information on IYCF and cognitive and socio-emotional caregiving practices, respectively. We collected data on breastfeeding practices in a postpartum 6-week questionnaire and on complementary feeding and caregiving practices in the follow-up survey. Using multivariable logistic regression models, potential explanatory household, parental and child-level variables were tested to determine their independent associations with IYCF and caregiving indicators. Results: The prevalence of feeding indicators varied. Ever breastfed (99%), exclusive breastfeeding in past 24-hours at 0-12 months (89%), and vegetable or fruit consumption (84%) were common, and minimum dietary diversity reached 63%. Problem areas were early initiation of breastfeeding (16%), feeding of colostrum (67%), no pre-lacteal feeding (53%), timely introduction of complementary feeding (56%), and animal-source food consumption (29%). Amongst caregiving indicators, access to books (7%), early stimulation and responsive caregiving (11%), and access to early childhood education (27%) were of particular concern, while 64% had access to toys and 71% received adequate care. Only 38% of children were developmentally on track. Younger children from poor households with young mothers who had not received antenatal visits and delivered at home were at risk of poor IYCF and caregiving practices. Conclusions: Poor IYCF and cognitive and socio-emotional caregiving practices are widely prevalent in lowland Nepal, which highlights the importance of improved integrated nutrition and caregiving interventions in resource-constrained settings.

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Current Knowledge and Behavior towards Salt Reduction among Hong Kong Citizens: A Cross–Sectional Survey

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18189572 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (18) ◽

pp. 9572

Author(s):

Jasmine Cheung ◽

Deborah Neyle ◽

Peggy Pik Kei Chow

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Salt Content ◽

World Health ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Salt Reduction ◽

Dietary Salt Intake

Excessive dietary salt intake is prevalent in the Hong Kong community. Over the last decade, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government has been actively promoting community participation to reduce salt intake. The aim of this study was to investigate the current knowledge levels and behaviors relating to dietary salt intake among Hong Kong adults. This cross-sectional survey involved 426 adults in Hong Kong. The findings of this study identified areas of knowledge deficit in the recommended upper limit of daily salt intake for an adult set by World Health Organization (n = 295, 69.2%) indicated a lack of awareness that the overconsumption of salt could cause coronary heart disease (n = 233, 54.7%). Disengagement with salt reduction behavior, such as rarely/never checking the sodium or salt content listed on the food label (n = 252, 59.2%) and rarely/never purchasing food labelled with low salt or no salt content (n = 292, 68.9%), was reported. Excessive salt intake in dietary habits remains an under-recognized non-communicable disease threat by Hong Kong citizens, indicating ineffective responsive risk communication. There is a need to refine existing salt reduction initiatives to aid in making appropriate decisions regarding dietary salt intake among Hong Kong citizens.

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Non-attitudinal and non-knowledge based factors constrain households from translating good nutritional knowledge and attitude to achieve the WHO recommended minimum intake level for fruits and vegetables in a developing country setting: evidence from Gulu district, Uganda

BMC Nutrition ◽

10.1186/s40795-021-00469-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Benjamin Kenyi Bendere Lomira ◽

Prossy Nassanga ◽

Daniel Micheal Okello ◽

Duncan Ongeng

Keyword(s):

Developing Country ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Qualitative Content Analysis ◽

World Health ◽

Nutritional Knowledge ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Knowledge Based ◽

The Status ◽

Gulu District

Abstract Background The high level of incidence of mortality attributed to non-communicable diseases such as cancer, diabetes and hypertension being experienced in developing countries requires concerted effort on investment in strategies that can reduce the risks of development of such diseases. Fruits and vegetables (FV) contain natural bioactive compounds, and if consumed at or above 400 g per day (RDMIL) as recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) is believed to contribute to reduced risk of development of such diseases. The objective of this study was to determine in a developing country set-up, the extent to which rural and urban households conform to RDMIL, the status of nutritional attitude (NA) and knowledge (NK) associated with consumption of FV, and to delineate non-attitudinal and non-knowledge-based factors (NANK) that hinder achievement of RDMIL. Method A cross-sectional survey of 400 randomly selected households and 16 focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted using Gulu district of Uganda as a microcosm for a developing country setting. Level of consumption of FV was assessed using 24-h dietary recall and compared to RDMIL as a fraction (%). The status of NK and NA were determined using sets of closed-ended questions anchored on a three-point Likert scale. Further quantitative statistical analyses were conducted using t-test, chi-square, Pearson’s correlation and multiple linear regression. FGD provided data on NANK factors and were analysed using qualitative content analysis procedure. Results Urban and rural inhabitants met up to 72.0 and 62.4% of the RMDIL, respectively, with absolute intake being higher among urban than rural households by 37.54 g. NK and NA were good but the intensity of NK was higher among urban respondents by 11%. RDMIL was positively correlated with NA while socio-demographic predictors of RDMIL varied with household location. FGD revealed that primary agricultural production constraints, market limitations, postharvest management limitations, health concerns, social discomfort and environmental policy restrictions were the major NANK factors that hindered achievement of the RDMIL. Conclusions These results indicate that NANK factors constrain households from translating good NA and NK to achieve the RMDIL.

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Perceptions of weight and associated factors of adolescents in Jiangsu Province, China

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980007352488 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 298-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Zumin Shi ◽

Nanna Lien ◽

Bernadette Nirmal Kumar ◽

Gerd Holmboe-Ottesen

Keyword(s):

Associated Factors ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Weight Perception ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Jiangsu Province ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Past ◽

Health Organization

AbstractObjectiveTo describe perceptions of weight of adolescents and associated factors.DesignCross-sectional survey in 2002.SettingEight public middle schools in two distinct socio-economic areas of Jiangsu Province, China.SubjectsEight hundred and twenty-four adolescents (aged 12–14 years) and 628 of their parents.MethodsSelf-administered questionnaires for students and their parents were used to collect the data. Height and weight of the students were measured.ResultsOne-third of the girls perceived themselves as overweight, while only 8.9% were actually overweight or obese according to the World Health Organization definition. On the other hand, 15.0% of the girls considered themselves underweight, while 5.6% were underweight according to the definition. Among the boys, one-fifth of those defined as overweight perceived their weight as normal. Furthermore, 23.9% perceived themselves as underweight when in fact only 4.9% were classified as underweight according to the definition. About one-quarter of the students dieted in the past year. Adolescents who perceived themselves to be overweight dieted and skipped breakfast more often. They also had lower intake frequencies of animal foods, Western foods and milk/yoghurt. No disparity was observed in the intake frequency of fruits and vegetables between the groups of different weight perception. Parents' weight norms seemed to favour overweight in both genders, but especially among boys.ConclusionsBoth overweight and underweight concerns were common among girls, while a higher body weight was favoured by normal-weight boys and their parents. Distorted weight perceptions in adolescents, as well as dieting, are problems that need appropriate intervention.

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