Care and not wealth is a predictor of wasting and stunting of ‘The Coffee Kids’ of Jimma Zone, southwest Ethiopia

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalkidan Hassen Abate ◽  
Tefera Belachew
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Southwest Ethiopia ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Young Child Feeding ◽  
Jimma Zone

Background: The generation of cash from agricultural products is the mainstay of the livelihood of many households in developing countries. However, critics of cash cropping have highlighted its influence on dietary diversity and availability of food at the household level, eroding the potential for optimal child caring practices. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional survey was carried out in three randomly selected coffee-producing districts of Jimma Zone in southwest Ethiopia. The underlying causes of malnutrition, food access, hygiene and care were assessed using the household food insecurity access scale, morbidity reports and infant and young child feeding practice core indicators of the World Health Organization. Anthropometric data were converted into weight for age, height for age, body mass index for age and weight for height Z-scores to determine child nutritional outcomes. Results: Prevalence of underweight, wasting, stunting and thinness were 14.2%, 9.1%, 24.1% and 9.9%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression showed that children with suboptimal meal frequency were more than three times more likely to develop wasting (AOR = 3.3, p < 0.0001). Female children were twice as likely to develop wasting compared with males (AOR = 2.00, 4.1, p = 0.05). Children with suboptimal dietary diversity were almost four times as likely to develop stunting (AOR = 3.95, p < 0.0001). Those who were not exclusively breastfed during their first 6 months were almost five times as likely to develop stunting (AOR = 4.66, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The findings imply that in coffee-producing areas, child caring practices are stronger independent predictors of nutritional status than wealth or economic indicators alone.

scholarly journals Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices in Tanzania: The Impact of Mass Media and Interpersonal Communication

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 670-670
Author(s):  
Generose Mulokozi ◽  
Emmalene Beckstead ◽  
Mindy Jensen ◽  
Megan Baldauf ◽  
Jenna Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Support Groups ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Young Child Feeding ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives We tested the hypothesis that mothers of infants &lt; 2 y of age exposed to nutrition and health-focused radio and TV spots (M), interpersonal counselling (IPC), or both (M + IPC) were more likely than mothers with no exposure to media nor IPC to initiate breastfeeding in the first hour of life, breastfeed exclusively, introduce foods and liquids in addition to breastmilk at 6 mo, and feed the child a minimally acceptable diet. Methods Between 2016 and 2020, the Addressing Stunting in Tanzania Early (ASTUTE) project conducted a behavior change intervention in the Lake zone of Tanzania that reached 4.4 million individuals through radio and TV spots, 6.4 million through community health worker home visits, 411,000 through support groups, and 1.6 million through health facility-based counselling. We administered a cross-sectional survey to 5,000 households with children &lt; 2 y beforethe intervention and 5,000 households after program activities ended. We used bivariate analyses and logistic regression to test our hypotheses. Results Mothers exposed to M, IPC, or M + IPC were no more likely than mothers with no program exposure to breastfeed early (OR M = 0.8; IPC = 0.8; MIPC = 1.1) nor exclusively (OR M = 1.0; IPC = 0.9; M + IPC = 0.6). Program exposure was not associated with timely introduction of complementary foods but children of IPC mothers were significantly more likely to achieve minimum meal frequency (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.0, 1.4) and children of IPC and M + IPC mothers were significantly more likely to achieve minimum dietary diversity (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.2, 1.6; OR = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.5, 2.3). They were also more likely to be fed a minimally acceptable diet (OR for IPC = 1.5 95% CI = 1.2, 1.8; OR for M + IPC = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.2, 2.0). Adjusting for maternal age, education, and wealth attenuated our results. In separate analyses, in four of ASTUTE's five regions, reductions in stunting were 34.0% to 257.4% greater than the national average. Conclusions Exposure to mass media and IPC was not associated with breastfeeding but IPC and M + IPC children were significantly more likely than children of unexposed mothers to eat a minimally acceptable diet. In this context, program planners may wish to focus on IPC as a cost-effective approach for improving complementary feeding. Funding Sources ASTUTE was funded by UKAid (contract # PO 6803).

scholarly journals Infant and young child feeding practice among mothers of children age 6 to 23 months in Debrelibanos district, North Showa zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257758
Author(s):  
Mathewos Mekonnen ◽  
Tadele Kinati ◽  
Kumera Bekele ◽  
Bikila Tesfa ◽  
Dejene Hailu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Child ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Young Child Feeding ◽  
Infant And Young Child

Background Inappropriate infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practice is the leading cause of malnutrition in children. Data is needed to identify children at risk of poor feeding practice and to target interventions to improve IYCF practices. Therefore, this study aimed to assess IYCF practice and associated factors among mothers of children age 6 to 23 months in Debrelibanos district, north Showa zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Method A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 380 mothers of children age 6 to 23 months from March 1 to April 5, 2019. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Data was collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire that had been pretested. The data was entered into Epi-Data 3.1 and then transferred to SPSS 21 for analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis was done, and an association between an outcome variable and independent variables was examined in logistic regression models. Result Overall, 65.8% of mothers practiced appropriate IYCF practice. The study revealed that 70.5% of children started breastfeeding within one hour of birth, and 61.6% were breastfed exclusively for six months. Among studied mothers, 79.5% continued to breastfeed their children until 2 years, and 69.2% of the participants started complementary feeding timely at six months. Minimum dietary diversity was observed in 19.2% of children, while minimum meal frequency was found in 79.2%. The majority of mothers (77.6%) fed their babies with bottles. Mother’s educational status of primary school [AOR = 4.50, 95% CI: (1.38,14.61)], husband’s occupation being merchant [AOR = 6.45, 95% CI: (1.51, 27.59)]; antenatal care follows up [AOR = 3.15, % CI: (1.22, 8.12)], radio/television ownership [AOR = 7.41, 95% CI: (2.86, 19.20)], child’s sex being female [AOR = 4.78, 95% CI: (2.26, 10.064) and sufficient knowledge on child feeding [AOR = 2.82, 95% CI: (1.27, 26.26)] were independent predictors for appropriate IYCF practice. Conclusion The prevalence of appropriate infant and young child feeding practice indicators was found to be rather high among the mothers in this study. The use of a bottle to feed babies, in particular is very common among the mothers who were studied. To address child malnutrition, it is critical to educate families about proper IYCF practices. This study suggests that mothers be properly educated about IYCF recommendations at health care facilities during their visits, as well as the promotion of appropriate IYCF through various media.

scholarly journals A cross sectional study on optimal infant and young child feeding practices with reference to WHO indicators in a rural area of Puducherry

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1684
Author(s):  
Arulprasad Radjasegarane ◽  
Anandaraj Rajagopal ◽  
Prakash Mathiyalagen ◽  
Kavita Vasudevan
Keyword(s):  
Young Child ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Young Child Feeding ◽  
Child Feeding Practices ◽  
Infant And Young Child ◽  
One Year

Background: Optimal infant and young child feeding practices (IYCF) are essential to address the increasing burden of malnutrition and for the overall development of the children. The present study was conducted to estimate the proportion of optimal infant and young child feeding practices among rural children aged 0 to 23 months and study the associated socio demographic factors.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 360 children in the age group of 0 to 23 months in a rural field practice area of a medical college in Puducherry. Data on IYCF practices were collected using a standardized tool developed by WHO. Core and optional IYCF indicators were calculated. Chi-square test and Fishers’ exact test were used as tests of significance.Results: Almost 88.0% of infants were initiated early on breastfeeding and 90.8% were exclusively breastfed for six months. Children who were continuously breastfed at one year and two years were 77.4% and 22.4% respectively. About 75.0% were introduced with solid or semisolid foods at 6 to 8 months of age. Among children aged 6 to 23 months, 77.3% had the recommended minimum dietary diversity, 81.3% had the minimum meal frequencies, while 57.7% received the minimum acceptable diet and only 39.4% consumed iron rich foods. Gender was significantly associated with the practice of continued breastfeeding at one year, adequate minimum dietary diversity and minimum meal frequency.Conclusions: The core and optional IYCF indicators were acceptably good in the initial six months of life but thereafter showed suboptimal levels, which should be emphasized among the mothers or primary care givers.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Practices Regarding Infant and Young Child Feeding among Mothers Working in Readymade Garments Sector in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-201
Author(s):  
Afrin Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Young Child ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Young Child Feeding ◽  
Infant And Young Child ◽  
Maternity Benefits

Optimum is. Adequate Infant and young child feeding (IYCF), critical for child’s growth and development, requires a significant amount of time andcan be challenging for working mothers. In Bangladesh, about four million women work long-hours in Readymade Garment (RMG) factories without proper maternity benefits which raises concern regarding optimum IYCF practice. We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study in Dhaka, Bangladesh to identify the knowledge and common practices of IYCF among mothers working in Readymade Garment sector. Ninety-three women of reproductive age (15-49 years), working in Readymade Garment sector, with children aged 6-23 months, were interviewed. Our study revealed- majority knew about exclusive breast feeding (EBF) (76%), duration to continue breast feeding (73%) and early initiation of breast feeding (53%). The exclusive breast-feeding practice in mothers employed in RMG sector was 44%. Three-fourths of the mothers knew and initiated complementary feeding timely. Both knowledge regarding age-adjusted minimum meal frequency (MMF) (19.4%) and minimum quantity (8.6%) were low; compared to actual practices. Nearly two-fifth of the mothers (40%) had to start working before their child reached six months of age enabling them to provide their baby with breastmilk substitutes. Mothers employed in Readymade Garment sector had better IYCF practice than general population. Proper workplace environment with mandatory breast-feeding corners, daycare facilities and ensuring maternity benefits in these mothers could help achieve an even better IYCF practices for their children.

scholarly journals Feeding Practices of Children Aged 0-59 Months Accompanying Incarcerated Mothers in Selected Women’s Prisons in Kenya

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary N. Makau ◽  
Sophie Ochola ◽  
Dorcus Mbithe
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Incarcerated Mothers ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Young Child Feeding ◽  
Women's Prisons ◽  
Breastfeeding Rate

Infant and young child feeding practices have substantial consequences for the growth, development, and survival of children. Children should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life and thereafter continue to breastfeed for 2 years or longer. Children are vulnerable to malnutrition thus nutrition and health status of the confined children is of interest. The purpose of this study was to establish feeding practices of children 0-59 months incarcerated with their mothers in selected women’s prisons in Kenya. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on an exhaustive sample of 202 children and 193 mothers, drawn from a sample of eight out of the 35 women prisons in Kenya. Data collection tools included: a structured researcher-administered questionnaire for mothers and children. Exclusive breastfeeding rate was 69.4%; continued breastfeeding at 1 and 2 years year (88.5%; 52.2%). The mean Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was 3.52 ± 1.04 foods groups out of 7 groups with 53.3% having attained the minimum DDS and 86.5% of breastfed children having attained the minimum frequency meal consumption. About half of the children (48.6%) attained the minimum acceptable diet. In terms of nutritional status, 21.4% of the children were stunted, 3.8% wasted and 7.5% were underweight. Dietary practices were associated with underweight; not attaining the minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet was associated with underweight (p = 0.012; p = 0.014); Illness 2 weeks prior to the study was correlated with underweight (p=0.012). Feeding practices significantly influenced nutritional status among children accompanying incarcerated mothers in prisons in Kenya.

Factors Associated With Feeding And Caregiving Practices For Children Under Five In Lowland Nepal: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophiya Dulal ◽  
Audrey Prost ◽  
Surendra Karki ◽  
Dafna Merom ◽  
Bhim Prasad Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Access To Books

Abstract Background: While nurturing care, including adequate nutrition and responsive caregiving and early learning, is critical to early childhood development, national surveys in Nepal highlight inequalities in feeding and parental caregiving practices. This study aimed to document and analyse infant and young child feeding (IYCF) and cognitive and socio-emotional caregiving practices among caregivers of children under age five in Dhanusha district, Nepal. Methods: We used a subset of data from the MIRA Dhanusha cluster randomised controlled trial, including mother-child dyads (N=1360) when children were aged 0-12 months and a follow-up survey of the same mother-child dyads (N=1352) when children were 7-59 months. We used World Health Organization IYCF indicators and questions from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey-4 tool to obtain information on IYCF and cognitive and socio-emotional caregiving practices, respectively. We collected data on breastfeeding practices in a postpartum 6-week questionnaire and on complementary feeding and caregiving practices in the follow-up survey. Using multivariable logistic regression models, potential explanatory household, parental and child-level variables were tested to determine their independent associations with IYCF and caregiving indicators. Results: The prevalence of feeding indicators varied. Ever breastfed (99%), exclusive breastfeeding in past 24-hours at 0-12 months (89%), and vegetable or fruit consumption (84%) were common, and minimum dietary diversity reached 63%. Problem areas were early initiation of breastfeeding (16%), feeding of colostrum (67%), no pre-lacteal feeding (53%), timely introduction of complementary feeding (56%), and animal-source food consumption (29%). Amongst caregiving indicators, access to books (7%), early stimulation and responsive caregiving (11%), and access to early childhood education (27%) were of particular concern, while 64% had access to toys and 71% received adequate care. Only 38% of children were developmentally on track. Younger children from poor households with young mothers who had not received antenatal visits and delivered at home were at risk of poor IYCF and caregiving practices. Conclusions: Poor IYCF and cognitive and socio-emotional caregiving practices are widely prevalent in lowland Nepal, which highlights the importance of improved integrated nutrition and caregiving interventions in resource-constrained settings.

scholarly journals Core and optional infant and young child feeding indicators in Sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e023238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samson Gebremedhin
Keyword(s):  
Young Child ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Young Child Feeding ◽  
Infant And Young Child ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Minimum Dietary Diversity

ObjectiveThe objective of the study is to determine the status of infant and young child feeding (IYCF) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) based on multiple indicators.DesignSecondary data analysis of 32 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in SSA since 2010.SettingThirty-two countries in SSA.Participants151 575 infants and young children born in the preceding 2 years of the surveys.Indicators determinedEight core and six optional IYCF indicators.ResultsMajority (95.8%) of the children born in the preceding 24 months were ever breastfed, and 50.5% initiated breastfeeding within the first hour of birth. Among infants 0–5 months of age, 72.3% were predominantly breastfed and 41.0% were exclusively breastfed. Continued breastfeeding at 1 year (89.5%) was reasonably high, but only 53.7% continued breastfeeding at 2 years and 60.4% had age-appropriate breastfeeding. About two-thirds (69.3%) of infants 6–8 months of age received solid, semisolid or soft food over the previous day across the countries. Among children 6–23 months of age, 41.9% met the minimum recommended meal frequency, while smaller proportions satisfied the minimum dietary diversity (21.0%) and acceptable diet (9.8%). About one-third (37.6%) of children 6–23 months of age consumed iron-rich or iron-fortified food over the previous day. Among non-breastfed children, only 15.0% received the recommended two or more milk feedings. Thirteen per cent were fed with a bottle with a nipple in the previous day. Country-level estimates for most indicators showed remarkable variations. Yet the minimum dietary diversity and acceptable diet indicators were consistently low.ConclusionMost breastfeeding-related indicators, except exclusive and early initiation of breastfeeding, are in an acceptable level in SSA. However, complementary feeding indicators are generally low.

scholarly journals Feeding practices of young children aged 12–23 months in different socio-economic settings: a study from an urban area of Indonesia

2015 ◽  
Vol 116 (S1) ◽  
pp. S1-S7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otte Santika ◽  
Judhiastuty Februhartanty ◽  
Iwan Ariawan
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Fortified Foods ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Child Feeding Practices

AbstractPoor feeding practices among young children lead to malnutrition, and the poor are at a greater risk than the better off groups. Child-feeding practices in various socio-economic strata, especially in urban settings, have not yet been well studied in Indonesia. This study aims to explore the feeding practices of 12–23 months old children from different socio-economic status (SES) groups. A cross-sectional survey was conducted, which included low (n 207), medium-high (n 205), medium-low (n 208) and high SES households (n 194) in forty-three villages within thirty-three sub-districts of Bandung city. Two non-consecutive 24 h recall and eight core indicators of child-feeding practices were assessed through interviews. The results showed that children from the high SES group were more likely to be exclusively breast-fed and to continue breast-feeding up to 1 year of age, met minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet, and also consumed Fe-rich or Fe-fortified foods. In contrast, children from low SES consumed more energy-rich food (grain) but fewer foods from the other food groups. Consumption of major nutrients differed across the SES groups. Inadequate nutrition was higher among children from the lower SES groups. Fortified foods were consumed by a larger proportion of children from the high SES group and contributed considerably to their overall nutrient intake. This study shows that young children’s feeding practices were not adequate, most notably among the low SES households. However, after adjusting with potential confounders, there was not enough evidence to conclude SES as a risk factor for feeding practice.

scholarly journals Examining Infant and Young children feeding (IYCF) practice and its determinant factors among mothers who gave birth in the last two years, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayana Fite Chimdessa
Keyword(s):  
Young Child ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Infant And Young Child ◽  
Practical Support

Abstract Background: The first two years of life are critical stages for a child’s growth and development. However, globally, 60% of the infant and young child deaths reported due to inappropriate infant feeding practices and infectious disease, where two-thirds of these deaths are attributable to sub-optimal breastfeeding practices. Methods and materials-community-based cross-sectional study design was employed from February to March 2020 in Jima Rare district, Ethiopia. The stratified sampling and simple random sampling were employed to recruit participants into the study. Data was collected by using semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. And data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Results- The actual feeding practice style among the respondents had been assessed by using eight core indicators of infant and child feeding practice of the WHO. The finding revealed that (initiated breastfeeding within one-hour after birth 78%), (66.7% and 33.4% exclusive breastfeeding at 6 and 4-5months), respectively. About 11.8% of mothers continued breastfeeding at 2 years. About 33.4% and 66.7% of mothers started introducing solid, semi-solid or soft foods at 4 to 5 months at 6 months and above), respectively. The overall, proportion of children age 6- 23 months who met minimum meal frequency and dietary diversity accounts for 51.2%, 49.9% respectively. About half proportion (49.9%) of children age 6- 23 months fit for the minimum acceptable diet. The multivariate analysis finding shows that mothers who gave birth at health institutions, get help from their husband, had received practical support of IYCF practices, counseling during ANC and/or PNC visit and households who have agricultural land and radio were more likely to carryout appropriate IYCF practices than their comparable groups. Conclusion-the result suggests that the overall appropriate infant and young child feeding practice was low. Hence, initiatives and interventions should focus on advocacy for institutional delivery, counselling and practical support for IYCF practice. Special attention needs to be given for young and illiterate mothers. Moreover, attention need to address to empower women to have autonomy of decision-making and control power over assets to support them for appropriate IYCF practices.

scholarly journals Impact Evaluation of a Comprehensive Nutrition Program for Reducing Stunting in Children Aged 6–23 Months in Rural Malawi

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (11) ◽  
pp. 3024-3032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parul Christian ◽  
Kristen M Hurley ◽  
John Phuka ◽  
Yunhee Kang ◽  
Julie Ruel-Bergeron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Child ◽  
Impact Evaluation ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Nutrition Program ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Young Child Feeding ◽  
Infant And Young Child

ABSTRACT Background The prevalence of stunting in central rural Malawi is ∼50%, which prompted a multipronged nutrition program in 1 district from 2014 to 2016. The program distributed a daily, fortified, small-quantity lipid-based nutritional supplement, providing 110 kcal and 2.6 g of protein to children aged 6–23 mo, and behavior change messages around optimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF) and water, sanitation, and hygiene. Objectives Our objective was to perform an impact evaluation of the program using a neighboring district as comparison. Methods Using a quasi-experimental study design, with cross-sectional baseline (January–March, 2014; n = 2404) and endline (January–March, 2017; n = 2453) surveys, we evaluated the program's impact using a neighboring district as comparison. Impact on stunting was estimated using propensity score weighted difference-in-differences regression analyses to account for baseline differences between districts. Results No differences in mean length-for-age z-score or prevalence of stunting were found at endline. However, mean weight, weight-for-length z-score, and mid-upper arm circumference were higher at endline by 150 g, 0.22, and 0.19 cm, respectively, in the program compared with the comparison district (all P &lt; 0.05). Weekly reports of high fever and malaria were also lower by 6.4 and 4.7 percentage points, respectively, in the program compared with the comparison district (both P &lt; 0.05). There was no impact on anemia. Children's dietary diversity score improved by 0.17, and caregivers’ infant and young child feeding and hand-washing practices improved by 8–11% in the program compared with the comparison district (all P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions An impact evaluation of a comprehensive nutrition program in rural Malawi demonstrated benefit for child ponderal growth and health, improved maternal IYCF and hand-washing practices, but a reduction in stunting prevalence was not observed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document