Salt intake and its sources in children, adolescents and adults in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Background: There is little evidence about salt intake and its food sources in the Iranian population, especially in children and adolescents. Aims: To investigate salt intake and dietary sources in Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2014–2015. We randomly selected 1384 adults (50.3% female, 49.7% male) aged > 18 years [mean 37.9 (10.6) years], and 786 children and adolescents (50.9% male, 49.1% female) aged 6-18 years [mean 12.5 (3.4) years]. All participants underwent a dietary assessment for salt intake, using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Results: The total salt intake was 10.9 (3.4) g/day in adults and 10.3 (2.9) g/day in children and adolescents. Added salt was the primary source of salt intake, followed by bread and cheese in both groups. Salt intake was related significantly to being younger, male, a smoker, less educated and physically active in the adult group. In children and adolescents, it was significantly associated with increasing age, male sex, low physical activity and parents’ education level (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Salt intake in Isfahan was more than twice that recommended by the World Health Organization. The main source of sodium was added salt, followed bread and cheese. Future national studies are warranted to assess the dietary salt intake and its main sources in different provinces in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Salt intake and its sources in children, adolescents and adults in Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal ◽

10.26719/emhj.20.142 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Noushin Mohammadifard ◽

Atena Mahdavi ◽

Alireza Khosravi ◽

Ahmad Esmaillzadeh ◽

Awat Feizi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

Salt Intake ◽

World Health ◽

Food Sources ◽

Islamic Republic ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Islamic Republic Of Iran ◽

Added Salt

Background: There is little evidence about salt intake and its food sources in the Iranian population, especially in children and adolescents. Aims: To investigate salt intake and dietary sources in Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2014–2015. We randomly selected 1384 adults (50.3% female, 49.7% male) aged > 18 years [mean 37.9 (10.6) years], and 786 children and adolescents (50.9% male, 49.1% female) aged 618 years [mean 12.5 (3.4) years]. All participants underwent a dietary assessment for salt intake, using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Results: The total salt intake was 10.9 (3.4) g/day in adults and 10.3 (2.9) g/day in children and adolescents. Added salt was the primary source of salt intake, followed by bread and cheese in both groups. Salt intake was related significantly to being younger, male, a smoker, less educated and physically active in the adult group. In children and adolescents, it was significantly associated with increasing age, male sex, low physical activity and parents’ education level (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Salt intake in Isfahan was more than twice that recommended by the World Health Organization. The main source of sodium was added salt, followed bread and cheese. Future national studies are warranted to assess the dietary salt intake and its main sources in different provinces in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

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Mean Dietary Salt Intake in Vanuatu: A Population Survey of 755 Participants on Efate Island

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11040916 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 916

Author(s):

Katherine Paterson ◽

Nerida Hinge ◽

Emalie Sparks ◽

Kathy Trieu ◽

Joseph Alvin Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Intake ◽

Urine Samples ◽

World Health ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Middle Income ◽

Dietary Salt Intake ◽

Spot Urine ◽

Salt Consumption

Non-communicable diseases are responsible for 63% of global deaths, with a higher burden in low- and middle-income countries. Hypertension is the leading cause of cardiovascular-disease-related deaths worldwide, and approximately 1.7 million deaths are directly attributable to excess salt intake annually. There has been little research conducted on the level of salt consumption amongst the population of Vanuatu. Based on data from other Pacific Island countries and knowledge of changing regional diets, it was predicted that salt intake would exceed the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended maximum of 5 g per day. The current study aimed to provide Vanuatu with a preliminary baseline assessment of population salt intake on Efate Island. A cross-sectional survey collected demographic, clinical, and urine data from participants aged 18 to 69 years in rural and urban communities on Efate Island in October 2016 and February 2017. Mean salt intake was determined to be 7.2 (SD 2.3) g/day from spot urine samples, and 5.9 (SD 3.6) g/day from 24-h urine samples, both of which exceed the WHO recommended maximum. Based on the spot urine samples, males had significantly higher salt intake than females (7.8 g compared to 6.5 g; p < 0.001) and almost 85% of the population consumed more than the WHO recommended maximum daily amount. A coordinated government strategy is recommended to reduce salt consumption, including fiscal policies, engagement with the food industry, and education and awareness-raising to promote behavior change.

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Food Sources and Nutrient Intakes of Filipino Working Adults

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12041009 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 1009

Author(s):

Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa ◽

Ma. Rosel S. Custodio

Keyword(s):

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Dietary Diversity ◽

World Health ◽

Food Sources ◽

Nutrient Intakes ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Working Adults ◽

Distribution Ranges

Nutrition is an integral part of economic development, since it influences workers’ health and productivity. This study evaluated the usual nutrient intakes and food sources of working adults. We conducted a cross-sectional survey that involved 1264 selected working adults aged 19 to 59 years old from randomly selected job sectors. Quantitative dietary data was collected by a 2-day, non-consecutive 24 h recall, while a dietary diversity questionnaire was used to assess the types and frequency of foods consumed. Physical activity was measured using the World Health Organization global physical assessment questionnaire. The prevalence of inadequate intakes, defined as the percentage of adults with intakes less than the estimated average requirements (EAR) or acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) were estimated using the PC—Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE) program. The mean daily energy intake of working adults was 1768 kcal/day or 74% of the Estimated Energy Requirements (EER) for this age group. The percentage contribution to the total energy of fats (58%) and proteins (34%) were excessively high. Consumption of fruits and vegetables was only 30% and 40% of the recommended nutrient intake, respectively. Salt intake was 52% above the adequate intake. Nutrient inadequacy was high in almost all nutrients, including iron (99%), folate (97.9%), riboflavin (95.8%), calcium (94.7%), vitamin C (87.3%), and thiamin (76.6%). The top five food sources of energy included rice (35.6%), pork (15.1%), fats and oils (4.7%), chicken (4.4%), and bread (3.8%). Energy and nutrient intakes of working adults is extremely sub-optimal due to the consumption of few nutrient-dense foods. This may pose a triple burden of malnutrition if left unsolved.

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Current Knowledge and Behavior towards Salt Reduction among Hong Kong Citizens: A Cross–Sectional Survey

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18189572 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (18) ◽

pp. 9572

Author(s):

Jasmine Cheung ◽

Deborah Neyle ◽

Peggy Pik Kei Chow

Keyword(s):

Hong Kong ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Salt Content ◽

World Health ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Salt Reduction ◽

Dietary Salt Intake

Excessive dietary salt intake is prevalent in the Hong Kong community. Over the last decade, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government has been actively promoting community participation to reduce salt intake. The aim of this study was to investigate the current knowledge levels and behaviors relating to dietary salt intake among Hong Kong adults. This cross-sectional survey involved 426 adults in Hong Kong. The findings of this study identified areas of knowledge deficit in the recommended upper limit of daily salt intake for an adult set by World Health Organization (n = 295, 69.2%) indicated a lack of awareness that the overconsumption of salt could cause coronary heart disease (n = 233, 54.7%). Disengagement with salt reduction behavior, such as rarely/never checking the sodium or salt content listed on the food label (n = 252, 59.2%) and rarely/never purchasing food labelled with low salt or no salt content (n = 292, 68.9%), was reported. Excessive salt intake in dietary habits remains an under-recognized non-communicable disease threat by Hong Kong citizens, indicating ineffective responsive risk communication. There is a need to refine existing salt reduction initiatives to aid in making appropriate decisions regarding dietary salt intake among Hong Kong citizens.

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Prevalence of overweight and obesity and anthropometric reference centiles for Albanian children and adolescents living in four Balkan nation-states

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2018-0253 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jakob Tarp ◽

Juel Jarani ◽

Florian Muca ◽

Andi Spahi ◽

Anders Grøntved

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Task Force ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Nation States ◽

Country Differences ◽

Age And Sex

Abstract Background The extent of the obesity epidemic among youth is an important public health statistic which provides an indication of the future burden of non-communicable diseases. Many developing countries, including Albania, do not have systematic and repeated monitoring systems in operation. Methods The Balkan Survey of Inactivity in Children study is a population-based cross-sectional survey including Albanian children living in the four Balkan nation-states of Albania, Kosovo, FYR Macedonia and Montenegro. In total, 19,850 children from 49 schools were approached. The LMS method was used to provide body mass index (BMI), height, weight and waist circumference reference centiles for boys and girls. The World Health Organisation (WHO) and International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) age- and sex-specific BMI cut-points were applied to evaluate adiposity levels. Results A sample of 18,460 participants aged 6–16 years old was available for creation of the BMI for age and sex reference centiles. The prevalence of overweight (including obesity) in the full sample was 21% (95% CI: 20%–21%) according to IOTF cut-off points and 28% (95% CI: 28%–29%) at WHO cut-off points. Overweight/obesity levels where higher in boys than in girls irrespective of the cut-off points applied (p<0.001). Noticeable between-country differences were observed with a prevalence of overweight/obesity of 40% (95% CI: 38%–42%) in Montenegro but only 20% (95% CI: 19%–21%) in Kosovo (WHO cut-off points). Conclusions Overweight/obesity is highly prevalent in Albanian children and adolescents. The apparent sex and country differences may inform public health actions.

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Hypertension knowledge, heart healthy lifestyle practices and medication adherence among adults with hypertension

European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare ◽

10.5750/ejpch.v6i1.1416 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 108 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hawa Ozien Abu ◽

Hanan Aboumatar ◽

Kathryn Carson ◽

Robert Goldberg ◽

Lisa Cooper

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Medication Adherence ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Pressure Control ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Lifestyle Practices ◽

Hypertension Knowledge

Objective: To assess patients’ knowledge about hypertension and its association with heart healthy lifestyle practices and medication adherence.Methods: We conducted a cross sectional survey of 385 adults with hypertension treated at 2 primary care clinics in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. We used an 11-item measure to assess hypertension knowledge and obtained self-reports on dietary changes, engagement in aerobic exercise and medication adherence. Results: Approximately 85% of patients properly identified high blood pressure, but more than two-thirds were unaware that hypertension lasts a lifetime once diagnosed; one-third were unaware that hypertension could lead to renal disease. Patients with low hypertension knowledge were less likely to reduce their salt intake (OR=0.44 [95% CI: 0.24-0.72]) and eat less to lose weight (OR=0.48 [95% CI: 0.26-0.87]) than patients with high hypertension knowledge.Conclusion: In general, patients were knowledgeable about hypertension, but most were unaware that hypertension is a lifelong condition and could lead to kidney disease. High knowledge of hypertension was associated with healthy lifestyle practices including eating less to lose weight and dietary salt reduction.Practice Implications: Intensifying education strategies to improve patients’ knowledge of hypertension may enhance their engagement in heart healthy lifestyle practices for optimal blood pressure control.

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Sources of Dietary Salt in North and South India Estimated from 24 Hour Dietary Recall

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11020318 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 318 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Claire Johnson ◽

Joseph Alvin Santos ◽

Emalie Sparks ◽

Thout Sudhir Raj ◽

Sailesh Mohan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Products ◽

South India ◽

Salt Intake ◽

North India ◽

World Health ◽

Food Sources ◽

Quality Data ◽

Salt Reduction ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Added Salt

Recent data on salt intake levels in India show consumption is around 11 g per day, higher than the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended intake of 5 g per day. However, high-quality data on sources of salt in diets to inform a salt reduction strategy are mostly absent. A cross-sectional survey of 1283 participants was undertaken in rural, urban, and slum areas in North (n = 526) and South (n = 757) India using an age-, area-, and sex-stratified sampling strategy. Data from two 24-h dietary recall surveys were transcribed into a purpose-built nutrient database. Weighted salt intake was estimated from the average of the two recall surveys, and major contributors to salt intake were identified. Added salt contributed the most to total salt intake, with proportions of 87.7% in South India and 83.5% in North India (p < 0.001). The main food sources of salt in the south were from meat, poultry, and eggs (6.3%), followed by dairy and dairy products (2.6%), and fish and seafood (1.6%). In the north, the main sources were dairy and dairy products (6.4%), followed by bread and bakery products (3.3%), and fruits and vegetables (2.1%). Salt intake in India is high, and this research confirms it comes mainly from added salt. Urgent action is needed to implement a program to achieve the WHO salt reduction target of a 30% reduction by 2025. The data here suggest the focus needs to be on changing consumer behavior combined with low sodium, salt substitution.

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Dietary salt intake in the Australian population

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980017000799 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (11) ◽

pp. 1887-1894 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Joseph Alvin Santos ◽

Jacqui Webster ◽

Mary-Anne Land ◽

Victoria Flood ◽

John Chalmers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Census Data ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Australian Population ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Salt Intake ◽

Diet Recall ◽

Age And Sex

AbstractObjectiveTo update the estimate of mean salt intake for the Australian population made by the Australian Health Survey (AHS).DesignA secondary analysis of the data collected in a cross-sectional survey was conducted. Estimates of salt intake were made in Lithgow using the 24 h diet recall methodology employed by the AHS as well as using 24 h urine collections. The data from the Lithgow sample were age- and sex-weighted, to provide estimates of daily salt intake for the Australian population based upon (i) the diet recall data and (ii) the 24 h urine samples.SettingLithgow, New South Wales, Australia.SubjectsIndividuals aged ≥20 years residing in Lithgow and listed on the 2009 federal electoral roll.ResultsMean (95 % CI) salt intake estimated from the 24 h diet recalls was 6·4 (6·2, 6·7) g/d for the Lithgow population compared with a corresponding figure of 6·2 g/d for the Australian population derived from the AHS. The corresponding estimate of salt intake for Lithgow adults based upon the 24 h urine collections was 9·0 (8·6, 9·4) g/d. When the age- and sex-specific estimates of salt intake obtained from the 24 h urine collections in the Lithgow sample were weighted using Australian census data, estimated salt intake for the Australian population was 9·0 (8·6, 9·5) g/d. Further adjustment for non-urinary Na excretion made the best estimate of daily salt intake for both Lithgow and Australia about 9·9 g/d.ConclusionsThe dietary recall method used by the AHS likely substantially underestimated mean population salt consumption in Australia.

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MORBIDITY PATTERN AMONG ADOLESCENT SCHOOL GIRLS IN RURAL AND URBAN SCHOOL OF JHANSI (U.P.)- A COMPARATIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v3i9.582 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Shubhanshu Gupta ◽

Sanjeev Kumar ◽

Piyush D Swami ◽

Anjana Niranjan

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Adolescent Girls ◽

Low Socioeconomic Status ◽

Optimal Level ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

World Health ◽

World Population ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban

Background: According to World Health Organization, adolescents constitute about one fifth of the world population, and in India they constitute about 21% of the total population. Most of the surveys show that health status of adolescent girls is at sub-optimal level. Objectives: To assess nutritional status and morbidity pattern among the adolescent girls and to suggest measures for improvement of health status of adolescent girls. Method: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out among 250 adolescent schoolgirls in Rural and urban field practice area of Jhansi school from January 2017 to July 2014. Results: Among the various morbidities eye problem was seen in maximum no of adolescent girls. Eye problem was present in 44.8% of adolescent girls followed by respiratory 14.7% and ear 13.06% disease. Skin disease was present in 3.2% of adolescent girls, which was more in rural girls 6.7% than in urban girls 1.7%, may be due to better hygienic practice in urban schoolgirls. Conclusions: Rural background, low socioeconomic status, illiteracy, birth rate and order, income and number of members in a family have shown to be significant determinants of morbidity pattern in the adolescent girls. Keywords: Adolescent, anemia, morbidity, vaginal discharge.

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Hepatitis B Vaccination in Senegalese Children: Coverage, Timeliness, and Sociodemographic Determinants of Non-Adherence to Immunisation Schedules (ANRS 12356 AmBASS Survey)

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9050510 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 510

Author(s):

Lauren Périères ◽

Fabienne Marcellin ◽

Gora Lo ◽

Camelia Protopopescu ◽

El Ba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B ◽

Dose Schedule ◽

World Health Organisation ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

World Health ◽

Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽

Detailed Knowledge ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hbv Vaccination

Detailed knowledge about hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination coverage and timeliness for sub-Saharan Africa is scarce. We used data from a community-based cross-sectional survey conducted in 2018–2019 in the area of Niakhar, Senegal, to estimate coverage, timeliness, and factors associated with non-adherence to the World Health Organisation-recommended vaccination schedules in children born in 2016 (year of the birth dose (BD) introduction in Senegal) and 2017–2018. Vaccination status was assessed from vaccination cards, surveillance data, and healthcare post vaccination records. Among 241 children with available data, for 2016 and 2017–2018, respectively, 31.0% and 66.8% received the BD within 24 h of birth (BD schedule), and 24.3% and 53.7% received the BD plus at least two pentavalent vaccine doses within the recommended timeframes (three-dose schedule). In logistic regression models, home birth, dry season birth, and birth in 2016 were all associated with non-adherence to the recommended BD and three-dose schedules. Living over three kilometres from the nearest healthcare post, being the firstborn, and living in an agriculturally poorer household were only associated with non-adherence to the three-dose schedule. The substantial proportion of children not vaccinated according to recommended schedules highlights the importance of considering vaccination timeliness when evaluating vaccination programme effectiveness. Outreach vaccination activities and incentives to bring children born at home to healthcare facilities within 24 h of birth, must be strengthened to improve timely HBV vaccination.

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