scholarly journals 25 Years of Research in Human Lactation: From Discovery to Translation

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3071
Author(s):  
Donna Tracy Geddes ◽  
Zoya Gridneva ◽  
Sharon Lisa Perrella ◽  
Leon Robert Mitoulas ◽  
Jacqueline Coral Kent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Infant Growth ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Milk Secretion ◽  
Human Lactation ◽  
Growth Development

Researchers have recently called for human lactation research to be conceptualized as a biological framework where maternal and infant factors impacting human milk, in terms of composition, volume and energy content are studied along with relationships to infant growth, development and health. This approach allows for the development of evidence-based interventions that are more likely to support breastfeeding and lactation in pursuit of global breastfeeding goals. Here we summarize the seminal findings of our research programme using a biological systems approach traversing breast anatomy, milk secretion, physiology of milk removal with respect to breastfeeding and expression, milk composition and infant intake, and infant gastric emptying, culminating in the exploration of relationships with infant growth, development of body composition, and health. This approach has allowed the translation of the findings with respect to education, and clinical practice. It also sets a foundation for improved study design for future investigations in human lactation.

Human milk composition promotes optimal infant growth, development and health

2021 ◽  
pp. 151380
Author(s):  
Sharon Perrella ◽  
Zoya Gridneva ◽  
Ching Tat Lai ◽  
Lisa Stinson ◽  
Alexandra George ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Infant Growth ◽  
Growth Development

scholarly journals Human Milk Composition Differs by Maternal BMI in the First 9 Months Postpartum

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1080-1080
Author(s):  
Clark Sims ◽  
Melissa Lipsmeyer ◽  
Donald Turner ◽  
Aline Andres
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Infant Growth ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Daily Intakes ◽  
Maternal Bmi

Abstract Objectives Recent studies indicate that human milk composition is modulated by maternal weight status; however, results are conflicting. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between maternal body composition and human milk macronutrients and bioactive components, as well as the association between infant daily intakes and infant body composition. Methods Human milk samples (N = 990) were obtained from a longitudinal study (NCT#0,113,1117) in normal weight (NW: 18.5–24.9 kg/m,2 N = 88) and overweight/obese (OW: 25–35 kg/m,2 N = 86) women between 0.5 and 9 months postpartum. Macronutrient content was estimated using mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRIS AB). Leptin, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays (Meso Scale Diagnostics). Infant body composition was obtained using quantitative magnetic resonance (Echo-MRI-AH). Linear mixed models adjusted for postpartum age and infant sex. Results Human milk was higher in fat and protein, and lower in carbohydrate content at only a few time points in OW compared to NW mothers. Human milk leptin and insulin concentrations were higher in OW mothers throughout lactation and CRP content differed at most time points compared to NW mothers. Similar results were observed when concentrations were normalized to infant daily intake and body weight. The effect sizes of infant daily intakes associated with infant growth parameters were small for macronutrients (0.005 to 0.05 Z-score units and 0.02 to 0.45 fat mass index (FMI)/fat free mass index (FFMI) units per unit of change in composition). Larger effect sizes were seen with human milk insulin and leptin, with infants of OW mothers exposed to 1.5 to 2.5 times higher concentrations compared to infants of NW mothers. Conclusions This study allows for a more comprehensive understanding of maternal BMI effects on human milk composition and its association with infant growth. Of note, the concentrations of leptin and insulin in human milk from OW mothers were higher than those in milk from NW mothers, resulting in higher daily intakes by their infants and modulation of FMI from 0.5 to 9 months postpartum. This study demonstrates the value of considering both human milk composition and infant daily intake when assessing infant growth. Funding Sources USDA/ARS Project # 6026–51,000-012–06S, NIH R01 DK107516.

THE MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION IN THE RABBIT AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY

1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. COWIE ◽  
P. E. HARTMANN ◽  
A. TURVEY
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Human Growth Hormone ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Bovine Growth Hormone ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Milk Secretion

SUMMARY Twenty-one rabbits were hypophysectomized during the second week of lactation. Hypophysectomy inhibited milk secretion within 3–7 days. Restoration of the milk yield to pre-operative levels was obtained when daily injections of either sheep prolactin (50 or 100 i.u.) or human growth hormone (HGH) (2·5 or 5 mg.) were administered; partial recovery of the milk yield was obtained with 25 i.u. sheep prolactin/day or 1·25 mg. HGH/day. Neither bovine growth hormone (BGH), adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) nor cortisol acetate had any significant restorative effects on milk secretion or synergistic effects when combined with sheep prolactin or HGH. The probable development of immune responses to sheep prolactin and HGH was observed. After hypophysectomy, changes in milk composition were found which were similar in trend to the more gradual normal changes observed in late lactation. Sheep prolactin and HGH restored the composition of the milk as well as the yields to normal levels, and both hormones caused rapid increases in lactose yields. The pigeon crop-stimulating potency of the HGH preparation was low (equivalent to 3·7 i.u. sheep prolactin/mg.), yet its lactogenic and galactopoietic potencies were high thus emphasizing the unreliability of assessing the mammotrophic potencies of HGH preparations in birds.

Milk production from diets of silage and dried forage. 1. Effects of methods of processing dried grass and of including barley in the supplementation of grass silage given ad libitum

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Tayler ◽  
K. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Female Cattle

SUMMARY1. Young adult and adult British Friesian female cattle (heifers and cows) which were lactating were individually fed on diets of grass silage ad libitum with supplements of dried grass, dried grass/barley or barley/groundnut in two randomized block experiments.2. In Experiment I, equal quantities of dry matter (DM) as dried grass in the form of a wafer (W), cob (C) or pellet (P) were given with the silage during weeks 8 to 18 of lactation, to three groups of 12 heifers. Silage DM intakes were respectively 14·2, 14·3 and 15·8 ± 0·43 g/kg live weight per day (P<0·05). Milk yields were 14·0, 15·6, 16·7 ± 0·35 kg/day (P< 0·001). Milk composition and live-weight change did not differ significantly.3. In Experiment II, five treatment groups of heifers and cows were offered silage with equal amounts of a supplement of either dried grass pellets (treatment 1) or dried grass/barley in the ratios of 2: 1 (treatment 2), 1: 2 (treatment 3), or a barley/groundnut supplement (treatment 4). In treatment 5 the cattle received the same supplement as in treatment 4, but at a 10% higher level. Silage DM intakes for treatments 1 to 5 during lactation weeks 6 to 22 were 8·64, 8·94, 7·96, 6·96, 7·63 kg/day (1, 2>4, P<0·01; 2>5, P<0·05). The intake of digestible organic matter, milk yields and live-weight changes over the whole experimental period were not influenced significantly by treatments 1 to 4, but in treatment 5 the milk was significantly higher in fat, protein and energy content than in treatments 1 to 4. Blood composition was normal and did not differ markedly between treatments.

Human milk composition and infant growth

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamilla G. Eriksen ◽  
Sophie H. Christensen ◽  
Mads V. Lind ◽  
Kim F. Michaelsen
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Infant Growth

Evidence-Based Practice as a Driver of Pseudoscience in Prevention Research

Pseudoscience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis M. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Systems Approach ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Drug Prevention ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Selective Reporting ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Prevention Research ◽  
Negative Feedback Loops ◽  
Evidence Based Programs

Many of the subject matters discussed under the topic of pseudoscience can be readily distinguished from science proper, and there are few individuals with any serious scientific training who would mistake these for science-based disciplines.  Harder to identify and distinguish are those disciplines that may have begun as a genuine science but have transformed into pseudosciences primarily through their pursuit of positive results. This chapter discusses one such example, drug prevention research, and contends that the adoption of so-called “evidence-based practice” by this field of study has been a key driver of its decent into pseudoscience. It discusses this process using a systems approach and focusses specifically on two negative feedback loops, one entailing flexible data analysis and selective reporting and one entailing minimal adherence to study design criteria. These lops are illustrated using examples of prevention and treatment programs that have been deemed “model” intervention by the National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices (NREPP).

scholarly journals Customized Nutritional Intervention to Improve Body Composition, Macronutrient Intake, and Nutritional Behavior in Moderate to Severe Obese Children and Adolescents (P21-063-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jieun Kim ◽  
YoonMyung Kim ◽  
Kyung-Hee Park ◽  
Han Byul Jang ◽  
Hye-Ja Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Care Process ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Nutritional Behavior ◽  
Severely Obese

Abstract Objectives Evidence-based customized nutritional interventions are required for effective treatment of moderately-severely obese children and adolescents. Methods Eligible participants who agreed to participate in the intervention program provided informed consent. Customized nutritional intervention was implemented for each participant based on a nutrition care process (NCP) model. Sociodemographic assessment, anthropometrics, biochemical data, health- and dietary-related behaviors, and dietary intake of the study subjects were assessed at baseline and follow-up. All participants engaged in 30-minute nutritional sessions on a monthly basis. Results One hundred three [mean age: 12.4 years, severely obese: n = 69(67%)] children and adolescents were assessed at baseline. After 16 weeks, there were significant improvements in body composition [BMI (−0.8 ± 0.9, P < 0.05), BMI z-score (−0.3 ± 0.2, P < 0.001), body fat (kg) (−1.3 ± 2.1, P < 0.05), and body fat (%)(−1.5 ± 1.9, P < 0.05)] as well as macronutrient intake [total energy intake (kcal)(−563.7 ± 656.8, P < 0.05), energy (%)(−26.5 ± 30.0, P < 0.05) and fat (g)(−28.3 ± 40.6, P < 0.05)] in the adherent group than the non-adherent group. The stage of change according to the transtheoretical model (TTM) was higher in both groups after the intervention (P < 0.001). Conclusions Our customized nutritional intervention resulted in improvements in body composition, macronutrient intake, and nutritional behavior in adherent moderately-severely obese children and adolescents. These results highlight the positive effects of an evidence-based approach as a multidisciplinary intervention for people-centered nutritional care and weight management. Funding Sources This study was funded by Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Grant 2015-ER6401-00.

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