scholarly journals Increased Fat Taste Preference in Progranulin-Deficient Mice

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 4125
Author(s):  
Lana Schumann ◽  
Annett Wilken-Schmitz ◽  
Sandra Trautmann ◽  
Alexandra Vogel ◽  
Yannick Schreiber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Scavenger Receptor ◽  
Taste Preference ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Taste Bud ◽  
Cd36 Expression ◽  
Fat Taste ◽  
Fat Preference ◽  
Deficient Mice

Progranulin deficiency in mice is associated with deregulations of the scavenger receptor signaling of CD36/SCARB3 in immune disease models, and CD36 is a dominant receptor in taste bud cells in the tongue and contributes to the sensation of dietary fats. Progranulin-deficient mice (Grn−/−) are moderately overweight during middle age. We therefore asked if there was a connection between progranulin/CD36 in the tongue and fat taste preferences. By using unbiased behavioral analyses in IntelliCages and Phenomaster cages we showed that progranulin-deficient mice (Grn−/−) developed a strong preference of fat taste in the form of 2% milk as opposed to 0.3% milk, and for diluted MCTs versus tap water. The fat preference in the 7d-IntelliCage observation period caused an increase of 10% in the body weight of Grn−/− mice, which did not occur in the wildtype controls. CD36 expression in taste buds was reduced in Grn−/− mice at RNA and histology levels. There were no differences in the plasma or tongue lipids of various classes including sphingolipids, ceramides and endocannabinoids. The data suggest that progranulin deficiency leads to a lower expression of CD36 in the tongue resulting in a stronger urge for fatty taste and fatty nutrition.

scholarly journals Novel GPR120 agonist TUG891 modulates fat taste perception and preference and activates tongue-brain-gut axis in mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babar Murtaza ◽  
Aziz Hichami ◽  
Amira S. Khan ◽  
Bharat Shimpukade ◽  
Trond Ulven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Taste Bud ◽  
Fat Taste ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Fat Preference ◽  
Human And Mouse

GPR120 is implicated as a lipid receptor in the oro-sensory detection of dietary fatty acids. However, the effects of GPR120 activation on dietary fat intake or obesity are not clearly understood. We investigated to determine whether the binding of TUG891, a novel GPR120 agonist, to lingual GPR120 modulates fat preference in mice. We explored the effects of TUG891 on obesity-related hormones and conducted behavioral choice tests on mice to better understand the physiologic relevance of the action of TUG891. In cultured mouse and human taste bud cells (TBCs), TUG891 induced a rapid increase in Ca2+ by acting on GPR120. A long-chain dietary fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA), also recruited Ca2+ via GPR120 in human and mouse TBCs. Both TUG891 and LA induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and enhanced in vitro release of glucagon-like peptide-1 from cultured human and mouse TBCs. In situ application of TUG891 onto the tongue of anesthetized mice triggered the secretion of pancreatobiliary juice, probably via the tongue-brain-gut axis. Furthermore, lingual application of TUG891 altered circulating concentrations of cholecystokinin and adipokines, associated with decreased circulating LDL, in conscious mice. In behavioral tests, mice exhibited a spontaneous preference for solutions containing either TUG891 or LA instead of a control. However, addition of TUG891 to a solution containing LA significantly curtailed fatty acid preference. Our study demonstrates that TUG891 binds to lingual GPR120 receptors, activates the tongue-brain-gut axis, and modulates fat preference. These findings may support the development of new fat taste analogs that can change the approach to obesity prevention and treatment.

STUDIES IN THE SUPPOSED GOITROGENOUS EFFECT OF TAP WATER IN HELSINKI

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (IV) ◽  
pp. 630-636
Author(s):  
F.-E. Krusius ◽  
P. Peltola
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iodine Uptake ◽  
Redistilled Water ◽  
Detectable Difference ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
Long Term Experiment

ABSTRACT The study reported here was performed in order to examine the tap water of Helsinki for its alleged goitrogenous effect. In a short-term, 24-hour experiment with rats, kept on an iodine-poor diet, we noticed no inhibition of the 4-hour 131I uptake, as compared with that of animals receiving physiological saline instead of tap water. Two similar groups of rats receiving 1 and 2 mg of mercazole in redistilled water showed a distinct blockage of the 4-hour uptake, which proved the effect of this substance. In a long-term experiment of 5 weeks' duration there was no detectable difference in the body weight, thyroid weight and the 4-hour 131I uptake when the rats receiving tap water or distilled water to which 0.45 per cent of sodium chloride was added were compared with each other. Replacement of tap water by a 10 mg per cent solution of mercazole in redistilled water enlarged the thyroid to double its normal weight and increased the 131I uptake to approximately five times that of the controls. Thus our experiments failed to demonstrate any goitrogenous effect in the tap water of Helsinki. Changes similar to those produced by a long-term administration of mercazole, i. e. an enlargement of the thyroid and an increased thyroidal iodine uptake, have been shown to be due to milk collected from goitrous areas. The observations here reported confirm the importance of milk in the genesis of the goitre endemia of Helsinki. Attention is further called to the fact that a thyroidal enlargement combined with an increased thyroidal iodine uptake cannot always be taken as a sign of iodine deficiency because similar changes may be produced by the administration of goitrogens.

Effect of Dapagliflozin on Intestinal Flora in MafA-deficient Mice

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (27) ◽  
pp. 3223-3231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luyao Li ◽  
Shiyao Xu ◽  
Tingting Guo ◽  
Shouliang Gong ◽  
Chuan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Deficient Mice

Objective: To investigate the effect of dapagliflozin on intestinal microflora in MafA-deficient mice using an animal model of diabetes. Methods: Male MafA-deficient mice were administered dapagliflozin (1.0 mg/kg/d) intragastrically for 6 weeks. Mouse body weights and fasting blood glucose levels were measured, and intestinal short-chain fatty acids were measured by gas chromatography. A series of methods was used to analyse the number of primary harmful bacteria in the faeces, and high-throughput sequencing was used to sequence the changes in intestinal flora. Results: The weight of the mice decreased after dapagliflozin gavage, and fasting blood glucose was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.001). Acetic acid and butyric acid contents in the intestinal tracts of the mice increased, and the growth of harmful microorganisms, such as Clostridium perfringens, enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and intestinal enterococci, was inhibited. Blautia is a species found in the experimental group and was significantly different from the control and blank groups as determined by the LDA score from highthroughput sequencing. Conclusion: Dapagliflozin can reduce fasting blood glucose, decrease body weight, increase short-chain fatty acid content, regulate the intestinal microecological balance of the body and promote blood glucose and energy homeostasis.

scholarly journals Apoptotic Thymocyte Clearance in Scavenger Receptor Class A-Deficient Mice Is Apparently Normal

2000 ◽  
Vol 164 (9) ◽  
pp. 4861-4867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Platt ◽  
Hiroshi Suzuki ◽  
Tatsuhiko Kodama ◽  
Siamon Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Scavenger Receptor ◽  
Class A ◽  
Scavenger Receptor Class ◽  
Deficient Mice

scholarly journals Apolipoprotein A1-Related Proteins and Reverse Cholesterol Transport in Antiatherosclerosis Therapy: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Xiuting Xu ◽  
Zikai Song ◽  
Bao Mao ◽  
Guoliang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Cholesterol Transport ◽  
Scavenger Receptor ◽  
Cholesterol Acyltransferase ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Coronary Artery Occlusion ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Apolipoprotein A1 ◽  
Cholesterol Transport ◽  
Class B

Hyperlipidemia characterized by abnormal deposition of cholesterol in arteries can cause atherosclerosis and coronary artery occlusion, leading to atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. The body prevents atherosclerosis by reverse cholesterol transport to mobilize and excrete cholesterol and other lipids. Apolipoprotein A1, the major component of high-density lipoprotein, plays a key role in reverse cholesterol transport. Here, we reviewed the role of apolipoprotein A1-targeting molecules in antiatherosclerosis therapy, in particular ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase, and scavenger receptor class B type 1.

The Water Relations of Earthworms

1956 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
BETTY I. ROOTS
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
The Body ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
Allolobophora Chlorotica

1. The water content of Lumbricus terrestris, after keeping on moist filter-paper for 3 or 4 days, is 84.8% of its body weight. That of Allolobophora chlorotica is 80% of its body weight. Both species can survive a loss of 60% of the body weight, but not much more. 2. Earthworms of the species A. chlorotica, A. terrestris f. longa, Dendrobaena subrubicunda, L. rubellus and L. terrestris are all able to survive from 31 to 50 weeks in soil totally submerged beneath aerated water. The same species, and A. caliginosa can survive for 72-137 days in aerated tap water without food. 3. Garden specimens of A. chlorotica make U-shaped burrows in soil beneath water. They do not irrigate either the burrows or glass tubes. Egg-cocoons of A. chlorotica, taken from culture pots of soil, will hatch under water and the young worms will feed and grow though totally immersed.

Sodium Regulation in the Crayfish Astacus Fluviatilis

1960 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. BRYAN
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Urine Sodium ◽  
Compartment System ◽  
Single Compartment ◽  
Blood And Urine Samples ◽  
Astacus Fluviatilis ◽  
Sodium Regulation ◽  
Total Sodium

1. In Bristol tap water containing 0.4 mM./l. sodium and artificial tap water containing 2 mM./l. sodium, Astacus maintains a blood sodium concentration of about 203 mM./l. This value was not markedly affected by starvation periods of up to a month. 2. Methods of taking small blood and urine samples from individual crayfish at intervals over several hundred hours have been described. 3. Under steady state conditions, curves for the uptake and loss of 22Na by the blood are described by equations derived for a one-compartment system. 4. The volume of this single compartment, which exchanges sodium with the medium, is larger than the actual blood volume by an amount roughly equivalent to the sodium in the tissues. Exchange of sodium between the blood and tissues is probably very rapid. 5. Sodium losses in the urine account for about 6% of the total sodium outflux found using 22Na. The urine sodium concentration of about 6 mM./l. was temporarily increased by conditions such as heavy feeding when the blood may have gained additional sodium. 6. Potential difference measurements across the body surface indicate that the high blood sodium concentration is maintained by active uptake of sodium.

Plantar Hyperhidrosis: The Efficacy of Iontophoresis with Tap water, Glycopyrronium Bromide and Indomethacin

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Senthilnathan Prof.Dr.C.V. ◽  
Vaishnavi G. ◽  
Keerthana G. ◽  
NandhaKumar S. ◽  
Kotteeswaran Prof.Dr.
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Negative Ion ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Glycopyrronium Bromide ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Hyperhidrosis is an excessive production of sweat more than the physiological amount necessary to maintain thermal homeostasis. Primary focal hyperhidrosis is a disorder of unknown etiology, causing excessive, bilateral, symmetrical sweating on the soles of the foot is called plantar hyperhidrosis. The condition results not only in physical impairment, but also interferes with professional and social life. Although not life-threatening, it is very uncomfortable and cause embarrassment and psychological trauma. Iontophoresis is a helpful method, which includes the presentation of particles into the body tissue through the skin. The essential principle is to place the ion particles under an electrode with the same charge, i.e. negative ion placed under cathode and positive ion placed under anode. This complete process is also known as “technique of ion transfer” into the body tissues by using electrical current as a driving force. It is a comparative study with pre and post intervention. 30 subjects with plantar hyperhidrosis were selected based on the inclusion criteria. The study duration was for about 4 weeks30 subjects of age group between 15 – 25 years with idiopathic plantar hyperhidrosis of both male and female subjects were included in this study. Subjects with cardiac and respiratory disorders, pregnant or lactating, any cuts, abrasions, eczema or infections on plantar aspect, metal implants like pacemakers, Hypersensitivity to the active substance were excluded. The subjects were divided into 3 group Group A treated with iontophoresis using tap water alone. Group B were treated with iontophoresis using tap water along with 3%-5% of anticholinergic drug, glycopyrronium bromide solution. Group C were treated with iontophoresis using tap water along with 1% of indomethacin (NSAID). The result of this study shows that there were significant changes in outcome measures. On comparing Mean values of Group A, Group B & Group C on Minor test (Starch - Iodine Test) tap Water along with Glycopyrronium Bromide (Group B) shows 1.60 which has the Lower Mean value is effective than Group A and Group C .On comparing Mean values of Group A, Group B & Group C on Visual Analog Scale score tap Water along with Glycopyrronium Bromide (Group B) shows 3.80 which has the Lower Mean value is effective than Group A and Group C. On comparing Mean values of Group A, Group B & Group C on Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale tap Water along with Glycopyrronium Bromide (Group B) shows 1.40 which has the Lower Mean value is effective than Group A and Group C. On comparing all the three groups, Group B shows better result than Group C and Group A in outcome measure. This study concluded that Tap water along with glycopyrronium bromide reduces the excessive sweating and decrease the sweating symptoms in subjects with plantar hyperhidrosis.

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