Self-Reported Olfactory Dysfunction and Diet Quality: Findings from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

We identified associations between self-reported olfactory dysfunction (OD) and dietary attributes in participants aged ≥40 years (n = 6,356) from the nationally representative 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The chemosensory questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recalls were administered by trained interviewers. OD was defined as self-report of either smell problems in the last year, worse smell relative to age 25, or perceiving phantom odors. Dietary outcomes included Healthy Eating Index 2015 score (HEI) with adequacy and moderation components (higher scores indicated higher diet quality), dietary diversity, energy density, and intake of major food groups. Survey-weighted linear regression models estimated OD–diet associations, adjusting for socio-demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors. Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) between those with versus without OD, showed that adults with OD had significantly lower HEI moderation score (−0.67 (−1.22, −0.11)) and diets higher in energy density (0.06 (0.00, 0.11)), and percent energy from saturated fat (0.47 (0.12, 0.81)), total fat (0.96 (0.22, 1.70)), and added sugar (1.00 (0.33, 1.66)). Age and sex-stratified analyses showed that younger females (40–64 years) primarily accounted for the associations with diet quality and total/saturated fat intake. These findings inform dietary screening and recommendations for adults who report OD, including those experiencing transient or persistent smell loss with COVID-19.

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Association between Ready-to-Eat Cereal Consumption and Nutrient Intake, Nutritional Adequacy, and Diet Quality among Infants, Toddlers, and Children in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015–2016

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11091989 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 1989 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jessica D. Smith ◽

Yong Zhu ◽

Vipra Vanage ◽

Neha Jain ◽

Norton Holschuh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Health ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Food Group ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Whole Grain ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Calcium Iron

Ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal is a popular food among children. However, there are no recent data on the associations between RTE cereal consumption and dietary outcomes in the U.S. Therefore, we sought to investigate how RTE cereal was associated with nutrient and food group intakes and overall dietary quality among children aged 0.5 to 17 years using the latest data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2015–2016). Thirty-six percent of children reported consuming RTE cereal. RTE cereal eaters consumed the same number of calories as non-eaters but had higher intakes of total carbohydrates, total sugar, fiber, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin D, as well as lower intakes of total fat and saturated fat (p ≤ 0.0007). We also found that children who consumed RTE cereal had 29% higher total dairy intake (p < 0.0001) and 61% higher whole grain intake (p < 0.0001). Lastly, children who ate RTE cereal had higher diet quality than the children that did not eat RTE cereal, as shown by Healthy Eating Index 2015 total score (52.6 versus 47.7, p < 0.0001). Therefore, consumption of whole-grain fortified RTE cereals should be encouraged as part of healthy dietary patterns for children.

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Meal and snack frequency in relation to diet quality in US children and adolescents: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2012

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980016000069 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 19 (9) ◽

pp. 1635-1644 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Kentaro Murakami ◽

M Barbara E Livingstone

Keyword(s):

Children And Adolescents ◽

National Health ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Self Report ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Definition Of ◽

Us Children

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the associations of meal frequency (MF) and snack frequency (SF) with diet quality.DesignDietary intake was assessed using two 24 h dietary recalls. All eating occasions providing ≥210 kJ of energy were divided into meals or snacks on the basis of contribution to energy intake (≥15 % or <15 %), self-report and time (06.00–09.00, 12.00–14.00 and 17.00–20.00 hours, or others). Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2010.SettingNationally representative sample of the US population.SubjectsChildren aged 6–11 years (n 4269) and adolescents aged 12–19 years (n 6193) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2012.ResultsIrrespective of the definition of meals, higher MF was associated with higher HEI-2010 in both children and adolescents. One additional meal per day increased HEI-2010 by 1·45–3·59 points (all P<0·005). Conversely, the associations for SF were inconsistent. While SF based on energy contribution was positively associated with HEI-2010 in both children and adolescents (0·70 (P=0·001) and 1·00 (P<0·0001) point increase by one additional snack, respectively), there were no associations for SF based on self-report or time. In analyses in which only plausible energy reporters (3425 children and 3753 adolescents) were included, similar results were obtained.ConclusionsIn a representative sample of US children and adolescents, MF was associated with better diet quality, while the associations for SF varied depending on the definition of snacks. The findings highlight the importance of applying different definitions of meals and snacks when assessing the impact of dietary patterns on health.

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Higher diet quality is associated with higher diet costs when eating at home and away from home: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005-2016

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980021002810 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-29

Author(s):

Zach Conrad ◽

Sarah Reinhardt ◽

Rebecca Boehm ◽

Acree McDowell

Keyword(s):

Healthy Eating ◽

National Health ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Food Prices ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Food Away From Home ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Food Consumed ◽

At Home

Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the association between diet quality and cost for foods purchased for consumption at home and away from home. Design: Cross-sectional analysis. Multivariable linear regression models evaluated the association between diet quality and cost for all food, food at home, and food away from home. Setting: Daily food intake data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005-2016). Food prices were derived using data from multiple, publicly available databases. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 and the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010. Participants: 30,564 individuals ≥20 y with complete and reliable dietary data. Results: Mean per capita daily diet cost was $14.19 (95% CI: $13.91-14.48), including $6.92 ($6.73-7.10) for food consumed at home and $7.28 ($7.05-7.50) for food consumed away from home. Diet quality was higher for food at home compared to food away from home (P<0.001). Higher diet quality was associated with higher food costs overall, at home, and away from home (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that higher diet quality is associated with higher costs for all food, food consumed at home, and food consumed away from home. This research provides policymakers, public health professionals, and clinicians with information needed to support healthy eating habits. These findings are particularly relevant to contemporary health and economic concerns that have worsened because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Association between Ready-to-Eat Cereal Consumption and Nutrient Intake, Nutritional Adequacy, and Diet Quality in Adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015–2016

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11122952 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2952

Author(s):

Yong Zhu ◽

Neha Jain ◽

Vipra Vanage ◽

Norton Holschuh ◽

Anne Hermetet Agler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

National Health ◽

Diet Quality ◽

The United States ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Food Groups ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Health And Nutrition

This study examined differences in dietary intake between ready-to-eat cereal eaters and non-eaters in adults from the United States. Participants (n = 5163) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015–2016 were included. One-day dietary recall was used to define ready-to-eat cereal consumption status and estimate dietary intake in eaters and non-eaters. Data from Food Patterns Equivalent Database 2015–2016 were used to compare intakes of food groups by consumption status. Diet quality was assessed by Healthy Eating Index 2015. Nineteen percent of US adults were ready-to-eat cereal eaters; they had a similar level of energy intake as non-eaters, but they had significantly higher intake of dietary fiber, and several vitamins and minerals, such as calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin D. They were also more likely to meet nutrient recommendations. Compared to non-eaters, ready-to-eat cereal eaters had the same level of added sugar intake but they had significantly higher intake of whole grains, total fruits, and dairy products. The diet quality of ready-to-eat cereal eaters was significantly higher than that of non-eaters. The study supports that ready-to-eat cereal eaters have better dietary intake with a healthier dietary pattern than non-eaters in the United States.

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Diet quality and its relationship with central obesity among Mexican Americans: findings from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2012

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980016003190 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 1193-1202 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Yilin Yoshida ◽

Richard Scribner ◽

Liwei Chen ◽

Stephanie Broyles ◽

Stephen Phillippi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

National Health ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Mexican Americans ◽

Mexican American ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Total Proteins ◽

Lower Odds ◽

Health And Nutrition

AbstractObjectiveUsing the Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010), the present study aimed to examine diet quality and the impact of overall diet quality and its components on central obesity among Mexican-American men and women.DesignCross-sectional data from NHANES 1999–2012 were used. The HEI-2010 data, including twelve components for a total score of 100, were collected with a 24 h recall interview. Central obesity was defined as a waist circumference of ≥88 cm for women and ≥102 cm for men. Weighted logistic regressions were performed to assess associations between HEI-2010 scores and central obesity.SettingNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2012.SubjectsA total of 6847 Mexican Americans aged ≥20 years with reliable dietary recall status and non-pregnancy status.ResultsHigher HEI-2010 total score was associated with lower odds of central obesity in Mexican-American men (OR; 95 % CI=0·98; 0·98, 1·00). Among all Mexican Americans, one-unit higher score of total fruit and sodium (i.e. lower level of intake) was associated with 4 % (0·96; 0·93, 0·99) and 2 % (0·98; 0·96, 0·99) lower odds of central obesity, respectively. However, a higher total proteins score was associated with higher odds of central obesity (1·08; 1·00, 1·16). In gender-specific analyses, a higher whole fruit or sodium score was inversely associated with central obesity in men but not in women.ConclusionsHEI-2010 scores of total fruit and sodium were inversely associated with central obesity among all Mexican Americans. However, total proteins score and central obesity was positively associated. In Mexican-American men, HEI-2010 total and whole fruit scores were inversely associated with central obesity.

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Dietary quality differs among cannabis use groups: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–16

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980020001846 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Amy R Gelfand ◽

Christy C Tangney

Keyword(s):

Healthy Eating ◽

National Health ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Adult Participants

Abstract Objective: To describe diet quality (Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) and Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015)) according to self-reported cannabis use among the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) adult participants. Design: Utilizing cross-sectional data, we assessed diet quality with up to two 24-h diet recalls from NHANES participants. Usual intakes were estimated via the multivariate Markov Chain–Monte Carlo method. Diet quality scores were compared among never users, previous users and current users of cannabis. Setting: NHANES surveys from 2005 to 2016. Participants: Adult NHANES participants (17 855) aged 20–59 years with valid data for dietary recalls and drug use questionnaires. Results: Current adult cannabis users (ages 20–59 years) had significantly lower total diet quality (HEI-2010) scores (51·8 ± 0·7) compared with previous (56·2 ± 0·4) and never users (57·7 ± 0·4). Similar differences in total and individual HEI-2015 scores were observed. For the HEI-2015 scores, cannabis users had a significantly higher (better) sodium scores (4·1 ± 0·2) compared with never users (3·3 ± 0·1) and previous users (3·2 ± 0·1). Cannabis users scored lower compared with never users on total vegetables (3·1 ± 0·1 v. 3·7 ± 0·0), total fruit (2·1 ± 0·1 v. 3·0 ± 0·1) and whole fruit (2·2 ± 0·1 v. 3·3 ± 0·1) for the HEI-2015 index. Conclusions: Current cannabis users’ usual intakes reflect lower diet quality compared with never or previous users, particularly lower subcomponent scores of total vegetables, greens and beans, total fruit and whole fruit. Cannabis users should increase their intake of fruit and vegetables to improve overall diet quality.

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Perceived and objective diet quality in US adults: a cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980014000196 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (12) ◽

pp. 2641-2649 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Tiffany M Powell-Wiley ◽

Paige E Miller ◽

Priscilla Agyemang ◽

Tanya Agurs-Collins ◽

Jill Reedy

Keyword(s):

National Health ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Mexican Americans ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Total Fat

AbstractObjectiveThe Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) dietary pattern has been shown to reduce cardiometabolic risk. Little is understood about the relationship between objective diet quality and perceived diet quality (PDQ), a potential psychosocial barrier to appropriate dietary intake. We compared PDQ and diet quality measured by a nutrient-based DASH index score in the USA.DesignCross-sectional study. Participants in the 2005–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) rated diet quality on a 5-point Likert scale and PDQ scores were generated (low, medium, high). A single 24 h dietary recall was used to estimate DASH index scores (range 0–9 points) by assigning 0, 0·5 or 1 point (optimal) for nine target nutrients: total fat, saturated fat, protein, cholesterol, fibre, Ca, Mg, K and Na.SettingNationally representative sample of the US population.SubjectsAdults aged ≥19 years in 2005–2006 NHANES (n 4419).ResultsParticipants with high PDQ (33 %) had higher DASH index scores (mean 3·0 (sd 0·07)) than those with low PDQ (mean 2·5 (sd 0·06), P < 0·001), but average scores did not align with targets for intermediate or optimal DASH accordance. Adults with high PDQ reported higher total fat, saturated fat and Na intakes compared with optimal DASH nutrient goals. Differences between those with high v. low PDQ were similar for Whites and Blacks, but there was no difference between PDQ groups for Mexican Americans.ConclusionsAmong Whites and Blacks, but not Mexican Americans, high PDQ may be associated with higher diet quality, but not necessarily a diet meeting DASH nutrient goals. This disconnect between PDQ and actual diet quality may serve as a target in obesity prevention.

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Diet quality on meatless days: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007–2012

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s136898001700026x ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 1564-1573 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Zach Conrad ◽

Micaela Karlsen ◽

Kenneth Chui ◽

Lisa Jahns

Keyword(s):

Healthy Eating ◽

National Health ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Dietary Quality ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Recall ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Game Birds

AbstractObjectiveTo compare diet quality scores between adult non-meat eaters and meat eaters, and to compare the consumption of diet components across quintiles of diet quality.DesignCross-sectional analysis. The Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) and Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010) were used to assess mean diet quality. Differences in consumption of diet components between quintiles of diet quality were tested usingpost hocWald tests andztests.SettingThe National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007–2012.SubjectsThe sample consisted of 16810 respondents aged≥18 years, including 280 individuals who reported not consuming meat, poultry, game birds or seafood on two non-consecutive days of dietary recall. Dietary data were obtained from one dietary recall per individual.ResultsNon-meat eaters had substantially greater HEI-2010 and AHEI-2010 scores than meat eaters (P<0·05). Among non-meat eaters, mean consumption across HEI-2010 quintiles demonstrated different (P<0·05) amounts of empty calories and unsaturated:saturated fatty acids. Mean consumption across AHEI-2010 quintiles demonstrated different (P<0·05) amounts of nuts and legumes, vegetables and PUFA.ConclusionsPublic health messages targeted at vegetarians and others who may choose to eat meat-free on certain days should emphasize decreased consumption of empty calories, and increased consumption of nuts and legumes, PUFA and vegetables, as a way to improve overall dietary quality.

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Post-Diagnostic Diet Quality and Mortality in Females with Self-Reported History of Breast or Gynecological Cancers: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11112558 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2558 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Karavasiloglou ◽

Pestoni ◽

Faeh ◽

Rohrmann

Keyword(s):

Cancer Survivors ◽

National Health ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Uterine Cancer ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Inverse Association ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

The Third ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Female Cancer Survivors

High quality diets are associated with favorable disease and mortality outcomes in various populations; little and conflicting information is available for female cancer survivors. We investigated the association of post-diagnostic diet quality with mortality in female cancer survivors. Data from 230 women with a previous breast, or gynecological (i.e., ovarian, cervical or uterine) cancer diagnosis in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) were calculated based on a 24-hour dietary recall interview. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Higher HEI score was associated with lower mortality (HRHEI total = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95–0.98, 1 unit increase), but the association for MDS failed to reach statistical significance (HRMDS total = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.74–1.04). In subgroup analyses, a statistically significant inverse association was observed between the HEI and mortality; for the MDS, no statistically significant association was apparent. Higher post-diagnostic HEI score was inversely associated with mortality in female cancer survivors, suggesting a protective effect when adhering to the diet captured by the HEI. Additional studies are required in order to investigate underlying mechanisms of the mortality-adherence association.

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Abstract P410: Added Sugars Intake, Diet Quality and All-Cause Mortality Among US Adults: Prospective Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.129.suppl_1.p410 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Molly Jung ◽

Robert C Kaplan ◽

Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani ◽

Shankar Viswanathan ◽

Judith Wylie-Rosett ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

National Health ◽

Diet Quality ◽

Healthy Eating Index ◽

Nutrition Examination Survey ◽

Men And Women ◽

Added Sugars ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Usual Intake ◽

All Cause Mortality

Objectives: To better understand the relationship between added sugars intake and diet quality, and to estimate associations between added sugars intake with all-cause mortality Methods: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III data were linked to mortality data (1988-2006), among 13,902 US adults between ages 18-74 yr having energy intake within 500-3500calories for women and 800-4000 calories for men, no history of a heart attack, stroke, or congestive heart failure. Usual intake of added sugars and energy were estimated using the NCI method and categorized into gender-specific quartiles. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index 2005 score (HEI-2005). Associations between added sugars intake and mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), and usual total energy intake after testing for multiplicative interaction by each of these covariates. Results: Mean intake of added sugar was 17.2 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 16.8, 17.6) teaspoons (tsp) in women and 25.0 (95% CI 24.4, 25.7) tsp in men. Higher usual intake of added sugars was associated with being younger, a current smoker, and having between 12 and 15 years of education among both men and women. Higher usual intake of added sugars was related to a lower HEI score in women versus a higher HEI score in men (Quartile (Q) 4 for HEI =61.62 versus Q1=64.73 in women, p=0.0002; (Q4=62.71 vs. Q1=60.07 in men, p=0.0209). Higher HEI scores for the grain, fruit, vegetable, meat, and variety components were related to lower intake of added sugars; whereas, the fats, cholesterol, and sodium components of the HEI were related to higher intake of added sugars in men and women. During a median follow-up period of 14 years, a total of 1,889 deaths were recorded. After multivariable adjustment, higher added sugars intake was not associated with increased all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 95% CI of Q4 vs Q1, 1.08 (0.77, 1.52)). Interpretation: Epidemiological studies suggested that higher sugars intake is associated with an increased risk of obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). These findings indicate higher intake of added sugars is associated with lower diet quality in women, but not men. Added sugars intake was not significantly associated with all-cause mortality in this representative sample of the US population.

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