scholarly journals Safety of Dietary Guanidinoacetic Acid: A Villain of a Good Guy?

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Sergej M. Ostojic
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Membrane Transporters ◽  
Amino Acid Derivative ◽  
Cellular Energy ◽  
Cellular Energy Metabolism ◽  
Guanidinoacetic Acid ◽  
Benefit Risk Assessment ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Specific Membrane

Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a natural amino acid derivative that is well-recognized for its central role in the biosynthesis of creatine, an essential compound involved in cellular energy metabolism. GAA (also known as glycocyamine or betacyamine) has been investigated as an energy-boosting dietary supplement in humans for more than 70 years. GAA is suggested to effectively increase low levels of tissue creatine and improve clinical features of cardiometabolic and neurological diseases, with GAA often outcompeting traditional bioenergetics agents in maintaining ATP status during stress. This perhaps happens due to a favorable delivery of GAA through specific membrane transporters (such as SLC6A6 and SLC6A13), previously dismissed as un-targetable carriers by other therapeutics, including creatine. The promising effects of dietary GAA might be countered by side-effects and possible toxicity. Animal studies reported neurotoxic and pro-oxidant effects of GAA accumulation, with exogenous GAA also appearing to increase methylation demand and circulating homocysteine, implying a possible metabolic burden of GAA intervention. This mini-review summarizes GAA toxicity evidence in human nutrition and outlines functional GAA safety through benefit-risk assessment and multi-criteria decision analysis.

scholarly journals Targeting Mitochondria in Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6642
Author(s):  
Nina Krako Jakovljevic ◽  
Kasja Pavlovic ◽  
Aleksandra Jotic ◽  
Katarina Lalic ◽  
Milica Stoiljkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Cellular Energy ◽  
Cellular Energy Metabolism ◽  
Data Comparison ◽  
Selection Of

Type 2 diabetes (T2D), one of the most prevalent noncommunicable diseases, is often preceded by insulin resistance (IR), which underlies the inability of tissues to respond to insulin and leads to disturbed metabolic homeostasis. Mitochondria, as a central player in the cellular energy metabolism, are involved in the mechanisms of IR and T2D. Mitochondrial function is affected by insulin resistance in different tissues, among which skeletal muscle and liver have the highest impact on whole-body glucose homeostasis. This review focuses on human studies that assess mitochondrial function in liver, muscle and blood cells in the context of T2D. Furthermore, different interventions targeting mitochondria in IR and T2D are listed, with a selection of studies using respirometry as a measure of mitochondrial function, for better data comparison. Altogether, mitochondrial respiratory capacity appears to be a metabolic indicator since it decreases as the disease progresses but increases after lifestyle (exercise) and pharmacological interventions, together with the improvement in metabolic health. Finally, novel therapeutics developed to target mitochondria have potential for a more integrative therapeutic approach, treating both causative and secondary defects of diabetes.

scholarly journals Tea Polyphenols in Promotion of Human Health

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naghma Khan ◽  
Hasan Mukhtar
Keyword(s):  
Green Tea ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Black Tea ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
Tea Polyphenols ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Gallocatechin Gallate ◽  
Prevention Of Cancer ◽  
Pharmacologically Active

Tea is the most widely used beverage worldwide. Japanese and Chinese people have been drinking tea for centuries and in Asia, it is the most consumed beverage besides water. It is a rich source of pharmacologically active molecules which have been implicated to provide diverse health benefits. The three major forms of tea are green, black and oolong tea based on the degree of fermentation. The composition of tea differs with the species, season, leaves, climate, and horticultural practices. Polyphenols are the major active compounds present in teas. The catechins are the major polyphenolic compounds in green tea, which include epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate and epicatechin, gallocatechins and gallocatechin gallate. EGCG is the predominant and most studied catechin in green tea. There are numerous evidences from cell culture and animal studies that tea polyphenols have beneficial effects against several pathological diseases including cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. The polyphenolic compounds present in black tea include theaflavins and thearubigins. In this review article, we will summarize recent studies documenting the role of tea polyphenols in the prevention of cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Glucose stimulates intestinal epithelial crypt proliferation by modulating cellular energy metabolism

2017 ◽  
Vol 233 (4) ◽  
pp. 3465-3475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weinan Zhou ◽  
Deepti Ramachandran ◽  
Abdelhak Mansouri ◽  
Megan J. Dailey
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Cellular Energy ◽  
Cellular Energy Metabolism

scholarly journals Mitochondrial gene polymorphisms alter hepatic cellular energy metabolism and aggravate diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Schröder ◽  
David Kucharczyk ◽  
Florian Bär ◽  
René Pagel ◽  
Stefanie Derer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Cellular Energy ◽  
Cellular Energy Metabolism ◽  
Alcoholic Steatohepatitis

scholarly journals The dynamics of mitochondrial-linked gene expression among tissues and life stages in two contrasting strains of laying hens

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262613
Author(s):  
Clara Dreyling ◽  
Martin Hasselmann
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene Expression ◽  
Cellular Energy ◽  
Cellular Energy Metabolism

The cellular energy metabolism is one of the most conserved processes, as it is present in all living organisms. Mitochondria are providing the eukaryotic cell with energy and thus their genome and gene expression has been of broad interest for a long time. Mitochondrial gene expression changes under different conditions and is regulated by genes encoded in the nucleus of the cell. In this context, little is known about non-model organisms and we provide the first large-scaled gene expression analysis of mitochondrial-linked genes in laying hens. We analysed 28 mitochondrial and nuclear genes in 100 individuals in the context of five life-stages and strain differences among five tissues. Our study showed that mitochondrial gene expression increases during the productive life span, and reacts tissue and strain specific. In addition, the strains react different to potential increased oxidative stress, resulting from the increase in mitochondrial gene expression. The results suggest that the cellular energy metabolism as part of a complex regulatory system is strongly affected by the productive life span in laying hens and thus partly comparable to model organisms. This study provides a starting point for further analyses in this field on non-model organisms, especially in laying-hens.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Multiparameter Cellular Energy Metabolism Profiling of Small Populations of Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laimonas Kelbauskas ◽  
Shashaanka P. Ashili ◽  
Kristen B. Lee ◽  
Haixin Zhu ◽  
Yanqing Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Small Populations ◽  
Cellular Energy ◽  
Cellular Energy Metabolism
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