Dietary Fat and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intakes during Childhood Are Prospectively Associated with Puberty Timing Independent of Dietary Protein

Dietary fat and fat quality have been inconsistently associated with puberty timing. The aim of this study was to investigate the prospective associations of dietary fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) with puberty timing. Using longitudinal data from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) and Southwest China Childhood Nutrition and Growth (SCCNG) Study, we analyzed dietary data, anthropometric measurements, and potential confounders. Dietary intakes were assessed by 3-day 24-h recalls. Age at Tanner stage 2 for breast/genital development (B2/G2) and age at menarche/voice break (M/VB) were used as puberty development markers. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the relevance of dietary intake of total fat, SFA, PUFA, and MUFA on puberty timing. Among 3425 girls and 2495 boys, children with higher intakes of total fat and PUFA were more likely to reach their B2/G2 or M/VB at an earlier age. Associations were not attenuated on additional adjustment for childhood dietary protein intake. However, higher intakes of SFA or MUFA were not independently associated with puberty development. A higher intake of dietary fat and PUFA in prepuberty was associated with earlier puberty timing, which was independent of dietary protein intake.

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Dietary Protein Requirement Threshold and Micronutrients Profile in Healthy Older Women Based on Relative Skeletal Muscle Mass

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13093076 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 3076

Author(s):

Praval Khanal ◽

Lingxiao He ◽

Hans Degens ◽

Georgina K. Stebbings ◽

Gladys L. Onambele-Pearson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Older Women ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽

Muscle Quality ◽

Dietary Protein Intake

Although multiple nutrients have shown protective effects with regard to preserving muscle function, the recommended amount of dietary protein and other nutrients profile on older adults for maintenance of high muscle mass is still debatable. The aims of this paper were to: (1) identify dietary differences between older women with low and high relative skeletal muscle mass, and (2) identify the minimal dietary protein intake associated with high relative skeletal muscle mass and test the threshold ability to determine an association with skeletal muscle phenotypes. Older women (n = 281; 70 ± 7 years, 65 ± 14 kg), with both low and high relative skeletal muscle mass groups, completed a food questionnaire. Skeletal muscle mass, fat-free mass (FFM), biceps brachii thickness, vastus lateralis anatomical cross-sectional area (VLACSA), handgrip strength (HGS), maximum elbow flexion torque (MVCEF), maximum knee extension torque (MVCKE), muscle quality (HGS/Body mass), and fat mass were measured. Older women with low relative skeletal muscle mass had a lower daily intake of protein, iodine, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), Vit E, manganese, milk, fish, nuts and seeds (p < 0.05) compared to women with high relative skeletal muscle mass. The minimum required dietary protein intake for high relative skeletal muscle mass was 1.17 g/kg body mass/day (g/kg/d) (sensitivity: 0.68; specificity: 0.62). Women consuming ≥1.17 g/kg/d had a lower BMI (B = −3.9, p < 0.001) and fat mass (B = −7.8, p < 0.001), and a higher muscle quality (B = 0.06, p < 0.001). The data indicate that to maintain muscle mass and function, older women should consume ≥1.17 g/kg/d dietary protein, through a varied diet including milk, fish and nuts that also contain polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and micronutrients such as iodine, Vit E and manganese.

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PSIII-27 Dietary intakes of protein and starch affect the oxidation of nutrients in tissues of Largemouth bass

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.558 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 275-275

Author(s):

Xinyu Li ◽

Guoyao Wu

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Largemouth Bass ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Micropterus Salmoides ◽

Nitrogen Retention ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Energy Retention

Abstract Largemouth bass (LMB, Micropterus salmoides) is a carnivorous fish. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that dietary intakes of protein and starch affect the oxidation of nutrients in the intestine, liver, skeletal muscle and kidneys of LMB. Juvenile LMB (average initial weight = 18 g) were fed, for 8 weeks, fish meal- and soy protein concentrate-based diets containing 40%, 45% and 50% crude protein. The three isocaloric diets contained 22.3%, 15.78% and 9.2% dextrinized starch, respectively. The growth performance, energy retention, and lipid retention in LMB increased (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary protein levels, but the efficiency of nitrogen retention did not differ (P > 0.05) among the three groups of fish. Rates of oxidation of 2 mM glutamate and glutamine in the intestine were reduced (P < 0.05) in response to increased dietary protein intake. This adaptive metabolic change likely helps to prevent excessive production of ATP by the gut when the dietary provision of glutamate and glutamine was increased. Increasing dietary protein intake did not affect (P > 0.05) glutamate oxidation in the liver, kidneys or skeletal muscle, or glutamine oxidation in the muscle. In contrast, the rate of glutamine oxidation was increased (P < 0.05) in the liver but decreased (P < 0.05) in the kidneys as dietary protein intake was elevated from 40% to 50%. Rates of oxidation of 5 mM glucose were reduced (P < 0.05) in the liver, kidneys and intestine, but were not altered in skeletal muscle, in response to reduced starch intake. Rates of oxidation of 2 mM palmitate were reduced (P < 0.05) in the kidneys but were not influenced (P > 0.05) in the intestine, skeletal muscle or liver. We conclude that oxidation of energy substrates in LMB tissues is regulated by dietary protein and starch intake in a tissue-specific manner.

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Associations between plant and animal protein intake and anthropometric indices among school-aged girls in Kabul Afghanistan

10.22541/au.163250807.78578814/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Fawzia Zahidi ◽

Mohammad Ashraf Farahmand ◽

Mursal Basiry ◽

Madiha Khalid ◽

Pamela Surkan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adolescent Girls ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Animal Protein ◽

Plant Protein ◽

Plant Proteins ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Anthropometric Indices

Background: Adolescent girls in Afghanistan have high levels of food insecurity, yet little is known about their dietary intakes. Therefore, we aimed to study the association between dietary protein intake and anthropometric indices among adolescent girls in Kabul, Afghanistan. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 380 adolescent girls at 16 government schools from eight randomly sampled zones in Kabul. In July 2019, we assessed dietary intake, body mass index (BMI), physical activity and socio-demographic variables. Binary logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between different protein sources (plant protein, animal protein and total protein) and stunting, wasting, overweight and obesity. Results: Participant mean age was 14.8±2 years and mean BMI was 19.8±3.6kg/m2. The mean intakes of carbohydrates from plant proteins, animal proteins and total proteins were approximately 59.4±19.6gr/day, 22.3±7.3gr/day and 81.8±27.1gr/day, respectively. Students with more highly educated fathers consumed more plant proteins (P<0.05). Participants had overall high dietary plant protein intake (mean 34.8±22.0g/day), with 66% from grains, cereals and flour. We did not find an association between dietary protein intake and stunting (OR=0.92; CI: 0.55-1.54), wasting (OR= 0.98; CI: 0.55-1.78), overweight (OR=1.18; CI: 0.62-2.25) or obesity (OR=0.84; CI: 0.19-3.58). Conclusion: While prior research suggests that dietary protein intake is associated with improved nutritional and anthropometric indices, dietary protein intake in this study was not associated with stunting, wasting, overweight and obesity. Further investigation is needed on this topic.

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Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10121963 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1963 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Minkyeong Kim ◽

Kyong Park

Keyword(s):

Colorectal Cancer ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Publication Bias ◽

Saturated Fatty Acid ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Dietary Fat ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Fat Intake ◽

Total Fat

Dietary fat intake is associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the results of epidemiological studies on this are controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to summarize the available scientific evidence regarding the association between dietary fat and the risk of CRC. We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library for articles related to dietary fat and the risk of CRC. The summary relative risks with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated via a random effect model. Begg’s test was used to detect publication bias. A total of 18 articles were identified. The pooled relative risk with 95% CI for the risk of CRC were 1.00 (95% CI: 0.90–1.12), 0.97 (95% CI: 0.86–1.10), 1.08 (95% CI: 0.92–1.26), and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.93–1.04) for total fat, saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid, respectively. No significant associations were found in subgroup analyses. Begg’s test for all exposures revealed no publication bias (total fat, p = 0.3; saturated fatty acid, p = 0.1; monounsaturated fatty acid, p = 0.08; polyunsaturated fatty acid, p = 0.2). The studies included in this review and meta-analysis revealed that dietary fats and fatty acids had no effects on the risk of CRC.

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INADEQUACY OF N-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID DIETARY INTAKES IN THE GENERAL FRENCH POPULATION OF ELDERLY (65 TO 79 YEARS OLD): THE INCA 2 SURVEY

Journal of Aging Research and Lifestyle ◽

10.14283/jarcp.2018.13 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

B. Buaud ◽

J. Tressou ◽

P. Guesnet ◽

N. Simon ◽

S. Pasteau

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Elderly Population ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Alpha Linolenic Acid ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽

Total Fat ◽

And Gender

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intakes in the French elderly population (65 to 79 years old). Design: The study used data on French food consumption issued from 348 elderly of the cross-sectional national French INCA 2 dietary survey performed in 2006 and 2007, combined with the nutritional content of food consumed updated in 2013 by the French Information Center on Food Quality. Results: It was observed for the French elderly population an adequate total fat daily intake and a linoleic acid (LA) daily intake close or superior to the recommended dietary intake (RDI) by the French authorities (from 4.1 to 4.4% of the total energy intake excluding alcohol (EIEA) vs 4% EIEA). By contrast, the French elderly have, regardless of age and gender, a low mean dietary alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) intake equal half of the RDI (0.5% EIEA vs 1% EIEA), and a mean dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake close to two-thirds of the RDI (i.e. from 154 to 167 mg/d vs 250 mg/d). These translated into a LA/ALA ratio between 9.5 and 9.9, twice as high as the recommended threshold inferior to 5, and a mean dietary eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus DHA intake (from 267 to 293 mg/d) slightly more than half of the RDI (500 mg/d). Conclusion: This study supports the need to promote higher intakes of n-3 PUFAs, as well as the setting of specific intake recommendations for these fatty acids for the French elderly population.

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Beyond protein intake: does dietary fat intake in the year preceding pregnancy and during pregnancy have an impact on gestational diabetes mellitus?

European Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1007/s00394-021-02525-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tian Qiao ◽

Yue Chen ◽

Ruonan Duan ◽

Mengxue Chen ◽

Hongmei Xue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Dietary Fat ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Fat Intake ◽

Dietary Fat Intake ◽

Total Fat ◽

One Year

Abstract Purpose Studies regarding the association between dietary fat intake and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are limited and provide conflicting findings. Thus, the study aims to examine the association of dietary fat intake in the year preceding pregnancy and during pregnancy with the risk of GDM, taking the relevance of dietary protein intake on GDM into consideration. Methods A prospective study was conducted in 6299 singleton pregnancies, using the data from the Nutrition in Pregnancy and Growth in Southwest China (NPGSC). A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary fat intake in the year preceding pregnancy and during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the prospective associations of dietary fat intake and the type and source of dietary fats in different time windows with GDM risk. Results Higher intake of total fat [OR (95% CI): 2.21 (1.19–4.20), P = 0.02] during 12–22 weeks of gestation was associated with higher GDM risk. However, adjustment for animal protein intake greatly attenuated this association [OR (95% CI): 1.81 (0.93, 3.64), P = 0.11]. Total fat intake neither in the year preceding pregnancy nor during the early pregnancy was associated with GDM risk. Moreover, insignificant associations were observed between intakes of vegetable fat, animal fat, cholesterol, saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid one year before pregnancy and during the first and second trimesters and GDM risk. Conclusion Our study indicated that dietary fat intake one year before pregnancy and across the two pregnancy trimesters preceding the diagnosis of GDM has no relevance on GDM risk among Chinese women, particularly those with normal BMI, low, or normal calorie intake.

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Hepatic fatty acid biosynthesis is more responsive to protein than carbohydrate in rainbow trout during acute stimulations

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00281.2015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 310 (1) ◽

pp. R74-R86 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Weiwei Dai ◽

Stéphane Panserat ◽

Sadasivam Kaushik ◽

Frédéric Terrier ◽

Elisabeth Plagnes-Juan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Carbohydrate Intake ◽

Dietary Protein Intake ◽

Dietary Carbohydrate ◽

High Level

The link between dietary carbohydrate/protein and de novo lipogenesis (DNL) remains debatable in carnivorous fish. We aimed to evaluate and compare the response of hepatic lipogenic gene expression to dietary carbohydrate intake/glucose and dietary protein intake/amino acids (AAs) during acute stimulations using both in vivo and in vitro approaches. For the in vivo trial, three different diets and a controlled-feeding method were employed to supply fixed amount of dietary protein or carbohydrate in a single meal; for the in vitro trial, primary hepatocytes were stimulated with a low or high level of glucose (3 mM or 20 mM) and a low or high level of AAs (one-fold or four-fold concentrated AAs). In vitro data showed that a high level of AAs upregulated the expression of enzymes involved in DNL [fatty acid synthase (FAS) and ATP citrate lyase (ACLY)], lipid bioconversion [elongation of very long chain fatty acids like-5 (Elovl5), Elovl2, Δ6 fatty acyl desaturase (D6D) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1)], NADPH production [glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and malic enzyme (ME)], and transcriptional factor sterol regulatory element binding protein 1-like, while a high level of glucose only elevated the expression of ME. Data in trout liver also showed that high dietary protein intake induced higher lipogenic gene expression (FAS, ACLY, and Elovl2) regardless of dietary carbohydrate intake, while high carbohydrate intake markedly suppressed the expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and Elovl5. Overall, we conclude that, unlike rodents or humans, hepatic fatty acid biosynthetic gene expression in rainbow trout is more responsive to dietary protein intake/AAs than dietary carbohydrate intake/glucose during acute stimulations. This discrepancy probably represents one important physiological and metabolic difference between carnivores and omnivores.

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