scholarly journals Acinetobacter baumannii Infections in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1006
Author(s):  
Karyne Rangel ◽  
Thiago Pavoni Gomes Chagas ◽  
Salvatore Giovanni De-Simone
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Immune Dysfunction ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Viral Respiratory

The COVID-19 pandemic has generated an overuse of antimicrobials in critically ill patients. Acinetobacter baumannii frequently causes nosocomial infections, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs), where the incidence has increased over time. Since the WHO declared the COVID-19 pandemic on 12 March 2020, the disease has spread rapidly, and many of the patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 needed to be admitted to the ICU. Bacterial co-pathogens are commonly identified in viral respiratory infections and are important causes of morbidity and mortality. However, we cannot neglect the increased incidence of antimicrobial resistance, which may be attributed to the excess use of antimicrobial agents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients with COVID-19 could be vulnerable to other infections owing to multiple comorbidities with severe COVID-19, prolonged hospitalization, and SARS-CoV-2-associated immune dysfunction. These patients have acquired secondary bacterial infections or superinfections, mainly bacteremia and urinary tract infections. This review will summarize the prevalence of A. baumannii coinfection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19.

scholarly journals The lung–gut axis during viral respiratory infections: the impact of gut dysbiosis on secondary disease outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Sencio ◽  
Marina Gomes Machado ◽  
François Trottein
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Viral Respiratory

AbstractBacteria that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract are essential for good health. The gut microbiota has a critical role in pulmonary immunity and host’s defense against viral respiratory infections. The gut microbiota’s composition and function can be profoundly affected in many disease settings, including acute infections, and these changes can aggravate the severity of the disease. Here, we discuss mechanisms by which the gut microbiota arms the lung to control viral respiratory infections. We summarize the impact of viral respiratory infections on the gut microbiota and discuss the potential mechanisms leading to alterations of gut microbiota’s composition and functions. We also discuss the effects of gut microbial imbalance on disease outcomes, including gastrointestinal disorders and secondary bacterial infections. Lastly, we discuss the potential role of the lung–gut axis in coronavirus disease 2019.

scholarly journals Next-Generation Probiotics and Their Metabolites in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 941
Author(s):  
Thomas Gautier ◽  
Sandrine David-Le Gall ◽  
Alaa Sweidan ◽  
Zohreh Tamanai-Shacoori ◽  
Anne Jolivet-Gougeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Secondary Bile Acid ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Since December 2019, a global pandemic has been observed, caused by the emergence of a new coronavirus, SARS CoV-2. The latter is responsible for the respiratory disease, COVID-19. The infection is also characterized by renal, hepatic, and gastrointestinal dysfunctions suggesting the spread of the virus to other organs. A dysregulated immune response was also reported. To date, there is no measure to treat or prevent SARS CoV-2 infection. Additionally, as gut microbiota composition is altered in patients with COVID-19, alternative therapies using probiotics can be considered to fight SARS CoV-2 infection. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge about next-generation probiotics (NGPs) and their benefits in viral respiratory tract infections and in COVID-19. We describe these bacteria, highlighted by studies using metagenomic approaches. In addition, these bacteria generate metabolites such as butyrate, desaminotyrosine, and secondary bile acid, suggested to prevent viral respiratory infections. Gut microbial metabolites transported via the circulation to the lungs could inhibit viral replication or improve the immune response against viruses. The use of probiotics and/or their metabolites may target either the virus itself and/or the immunologic process. However, this review showed that more studies are needed to determine the benefits of probiotics and metabolite products in COVID-19.

scholarly journals Antivirals for Virus Induced Exacerbations of Asthma and COPD Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-156
Author(s):  
Grigorescu Cristina ◽  
Antoniu Sabina Antonela ◽  
Oţelea Marina Ruxandra ◽  
Ileana Antohe ◽  
Fildan Ariadna Petronela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Copd Exacerbations ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Abstract Viral respiratory infections in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can cause severe exacerbations, increasing the risk of secondary bacterial infections and having a significant impact on disease-related morbidity and mortality. Several antivirals such as oseltamivir and zanamivir evaluated in influenza and other virus-induced respiratory infections are discussed in this review as a starting point of their potential use in improving the outcome of asthma and COPD exacerbations. However, the efficacy of antiviral therapy for asthma/COPD exacerbations needs a further evaluation.

Wheezing Associated With Respiratory Tract Infections In Children

1966 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 586-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraldine L. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

This paper reviews the known relation ships of common acute bacterial and viral respiratory infections to the asth matic state and to wheezing attacks in children. Implications for treatment are discussed in view of what has already been learned and what we need to know.

scholarly journals Clinical evidences on the antiviral properties of macrolide antibiotics in the COVID-19 era and beyond

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 204020662096171
Author(s):  
Dimitri Poddighe ◽  
Mohamad Aljofan
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Lactone Ring ◽  
Macrolide Antibiotics ◽  
Direct Benefit ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Associated Species ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Macrolides are a large group of antibiotics characterised by the presence of a macro-lactone ring of variable size. The prototype of macrolide antibiotics, erythromycin was first produced by Streptomyces and associated species more than half a century ago; other related drugs were developed. These drugs have been shown to have several pharmacological properties: in addition to their antibiotic activity, they possess some anti-inflammatory properties and have been also considered against non-bacterial infections. In this review, we analysed the available clinical evidences regarding the potential anti-viral activity of macrolides, by focusing on erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin. Overall, there is no significant evidences so far that macrolides might have a direct benefit on most of viral infections considered in this review (RSV, Influenza, coronaviruses, Ebola and Zika viruses). However, their clinical benefit cannot be ruled out without further and focused clinical studies. Macrolides may improve the clinical course of viral respiratory infections somehow, at least through indirect mechanisms relying on some and variable anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory effects, in addition to their well-known antibacterial activity.

scholarly journals Impaired immune signaling and changes in the lung microbiome precede secondary bacterial pneumonia in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Tsitsiklis ◽  
Beth Zha ◽  
Ashley Byrne ◽  
Catherine DeVoe ◽  
Sophia Levan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Tracheal Aspirate ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Immune Signaling ◽  
Transcriptional Signature ◽  
Lung Microbiome ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia

Abstract Secondary bacterial infections, including ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), lead to worse clinical outcomes and increased mortality following viral respiratory infections including in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Using a combination of tracheal aspirate bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) we assessed lower respiratory tract immune responses and microbiome dynamics in 28 COVID-19 patients, 15 of whom developed VAP, and eight critically ill uninfected controls. Two days before VAP onset we observed a transcriptional signature of bacterial infection. Two weeks prior to VAP onset, following intubation, we observed a striking impairment in immune signaling in COVID-19 patients who developed VAP. Longitudinal metatranscriptomic analysis revealed disruption of lung microbiome community composition in patients with VAP, providing a connection between dysregulated immune signaling and outgrowth of opportunistic pathogens. These findings suggest that COVID-19 patients who develop VAP have impaired antibacterial immune defense detectable weeks before secondary infection onset.

scholarly journals Organisms causing secondary pneumonias in COVID-19 patients at 5 UK ICUs as detected with the FilmArray test

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaneeta Dhesi ◽  
Virve I Enne ◽  
David Brealey ◽  
David M Livermore ◽  
Juliet High ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Icu Patients ◽  
Median Hospital Stay ◽  
Patient Demographic Data ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

ABSTRACTIntroductionSeveral viral respiratory infections - notably influenza - are associated with secondary bacterial infection and additional pathology. The extent to which this applies for COVID-19 is unknown. Accordingly, we aimed to define the bacteria causing secondary pneumonias in COVID-19 ICU patients using the FilmArray Pneumonia Panel, and to determine this test’s potential in COVID-19 management.MethodsCOVID-19 ICU patients with clinically-suspected secondary infection at 5 UK hospitals were tested with the FilmArray at point of care. We collected patient demographic data and compared FilmArray results with routine culture.ResultsWe report results of 110 FilmArray tests on 94 patients (16 had 2 tests): 69 patients (73%) were male, the median age was 59 yrs; 92 were ventilated. Median hospital stay before testing was 14 days (range 1-38). Fifty-nine (54%) tests were positive, with 141 bacteria detected. Most were Enterobacterales (n=55, including Klebsiella spp. [n= 35]) or Staphylococcus aureus (n=13), as is typical of hospital and ventilator pneumonia. Community pathogens, including Haemophilus influenzae (n=8) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=1), were rarer. FilmArray detected one additional virus (Rhinovirus/Enterovirus) and no atypical bacteria. Fewer samples (28 % vs. 54%) were positive by routine culture, and fewer species were reported per sample; Klebsiella species remained the most prevalent pathogens.ConclusionFilmArray had a higher diagnostic yield than culture for ICU COVID-19 patients with suspected secondary pneumonias. The bacteria found mostly were Enterobacterales, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, as in typical HAP/VAP, but with Klebsiella spp. more prominent. We found almost no viral co-infection. Turnaround from sample to results is around 1h 15 min compared with the usual 72h for culture, giving prescribers earlier data to inform antimicrobial decisions.

DETECTION OF RSV IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS UNDER 5 YEARS OLD BY REALTIME RT-PCR AND CONVENTIONAL RT-PCR

2015 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Van An Le ◽  
Thi Bao Chi Le ◽  
Hai Duong Huynh ◽  
Chien Thang Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Closed Tube ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Objective: Application of realtime RT-PCR and conventional RT-PCR for detection of RSV in viral respiratory infections. Methods: Realtime RT-PCR and conventional nested RT-PCR were used to detect RSV on 110 respiratory samples collected from children with viral lower respiratory infections. Results: The data from the patients, whose samples were collected, showed that lower respiratory tract infections included bronchitis, bronchiolitis and pneumonia and that the mean of patient age was below 2 year old, among which, the negative RSV group of patients was 1.9 ±1.7 and the positive RSV group was 1.6 ± 1.4 years of age. The mean of time period from the onset of infections to sample collection was from 3.3 to 3.4 days. Realtime RT-PCR produced the same results as that of conventional RT-PCR. Conclusion: Realtime RT-PCR is rapid and closed-tube procedure; it should be used for detection of RSV in acute respiratory infections. Keywords: RSV, realtime RT-PCR, conventional RT-PCR

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