Mosquito-Borne Viral Pathogens Detected in Zambia: A Systematic Review

Emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne viral diseases are a threat to global health. This systematic review aimed to investigate the available evidence of mosquito-borne viral pathogens reported in Zambia. A search of literature was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar for articles published from 1 January 1930 to 30 June 2020 using a combination of keywords. Eight mosquito-borne viruses belonging to three families, Togaviridae, Flaviviridae and Phenuiviridae were reported. Three viruses (Chikungunya virus, Mayaro virus, Mwinilunga virus) were reported among the togaviruses whilst four (dengue virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, Zika virus) were among the flavivirus and only one virus, Rift Valley fever virus, was reported in the Phenuiviridae family. The majority of these mosquito-borne viruses were reported in Western and North-Western provinces. Aedes and Culex species were the main mosquito-borne viral vectors reported. Farming, fishing, movement of people and rain patterns were among factors associated with mosquito-borne viral infection in Zambia. Better diagnostic methods, such as the use of molecular tools, to detect the viruses in potential vectors, humans, and animals, including the recognition of arboviral risk zones and how the viruses circulate, are important for improved surveillance and design of effective prevention and control measures.

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Diversity and Abundance of Potential Vectors of Rift Valley Fever Virus in the North Region of Cameroon

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects11110814 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 814

Author(s):

Poueme Namegni Rodrigue Simonet ◽

Njan-Nloga Alexandre Michel ◽

Wade Abel ◽

Eisenbarth Albert ◽

Groschup Martin Hermann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rift Valley ◽

Rift Valley Fever ◽

Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Control Measures ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Effective Control ◽

P Value ◽

Valley Fever ◽

The North

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a major viral zoonosis transmitted by mosquitoes. The virus is endemic in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa and can affect humans, livestock, and wild ungulates. Knowledge of the biology of vectors of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is essential for the establishment of effective control measures of the disease. The objective of this study was to determine the species diversity and relative abundance of potential RVFV vectors in the North Region of Cameroon. Adult mosquitoes were trapped during the wet and dry seasons from December 2017 to January 2019 with “EVS Light” traps with CO2 baits placed at selected sites. The captured mosquitoes were identified using dichotomous keys according to standard procedures. The abundance was calculated with regard to site, zone, and collection season. A total of 27,851 mosquitoes belonging to four genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Mansonia, and Culex) and comprising 31 species were caught (including 22 secondary vectors (98.05%) and nine primary vectors (1.94%). The total number of mosquitoes varied significantly depending on the locality (p-value < 0.001). The average number of mosquitoes collected per trap night was significantly higher in irrigated areas (p-value < 0.001), compared to urban and non-irrigated areas. The study revealed the presence of potential primary and secondary vectors of RVFV with varying abundance and diversity according to locality and ecological site in the North Region of Cameroon. The results showed that the genus Mansonia with the species Ma. uniformis and Ma. africana formed the dominant taxon (52.33%), followed by the genera Culex (45.04%) and Anopheles (2.61%). The need for molecular analysis (PCR) tests for RVFV RNA research and viral isolation methods on these vectors to determine their role in the epidemiology and control of RVF cannot be overemphasized.

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Mobile Laboratory Reveals the Circulation of Dengue Virus Serotype I of Asian Origin in Medina Gounass (Guediawaye), Senegal

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics10060408 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 408 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Idrissa Dieng ◽

Boris Gildas Hedible ◽

Moussa Moïse Diagne ◽

Ahmed Abd El Wahed ◽

Cheikh Tidiane Diagne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dengue Virus ◽

Yellow Fever Virus ◽

Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽

Febrile Illness ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Mobile Laboratory ◽

Structural Protein ◽

Valley Fever ◽

Virus Serotype

With the growing success of controlling malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa, the incidence of fever due to malaria is in decline, whereas the proportion of patients with non-malaria febrile illness (NMFI) is increasing. Clinical diagnosis of NMFI is hampered by unspecific symptoms, but early diagnosis is a key factor for both better patient care and disease control. The aim of this study was to determine the arboviral aetiologies of NMFI in low resource settings, using a mobile laboratory based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assays. The panel of tests for this study was expanded to five arboviruses: dengue virus (DENV), zika virus (ZIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and rift valley fever virus (RVFV). One hundred and four children aged between one month and 115 months were enrolled and screened. Three of the 104 blood samples of children <10 years presented at an outpatient clinic tested positive for DENV. The results were confirmed by RT-PCR, partial sequencing, and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antigen capture by ELISA (Biorad, France). Phylogenetic analysis of the derived DENV-1 sequences clustered them with sequences of DENV-1 isolated from Guangzhou, China, in 2014. In conclusion, this mobile setup proved reliable for the rapid identification of the causative agent of NMFI, with results consistent with those obtained in the reference laboratory’s settings.

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Isolation of the rift valley fever virus by inoculation into Aedes pseudoscutellaris cells: Comparison with other diagnostic methods

Research in Virology ◽

10.1016/s0923-2516(89)80082-2 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 140 ◽

pp. 31-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J.-P. Digoutte ◽

A. Jouan ◽

B. Le Guenno ◽

O. Riou ◽

B. Philippe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rift Valley ◽

Rift Valley Fever ◽

Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Valley Fever

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Rapid Detection and Quantification of RNA of Ebola and Marburg Viruses, Lassa Virus, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Rift Valley Fever Virus, Dengue Virus, and Yellow Fever Virus by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.40.7.2323-2330.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 40 (7) ◽

pp. 2323-2330 ◽

Cited By ~ 396

Author(s):

C. Drosten ◽

S. Gottig ◽

S. Schilling ◽

M. Asper ◽

M. Panning ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rapid Detection ◽

Rift Valley Fever ◽

Yellow Fever Virus ◽

Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Lassa Virus ◽

Valley Fever ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever Virus ◽

Reverse Transcription Pcr

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Rift Valley Fever Virus and Yellow Fever Virus in Urine: A Potential Source of Infection

Virologica Sinica ◽

10.1007/s12250-019-00096-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 342-345 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Meng Li ◽

Beibei Wang ◽

Liqiang Li ◽

Gary Wong ◽

Yingxia Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Yellow Fever ◽

Rift Valley ◽

Rift Valley Fever ◽

Yellow Fever Virus ◽

Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Valley Fever ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Potential Source

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Developing vaccines against epidemic-prone emerging infectious diseases

Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz ◽

10.1007/s00103-019-03061-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 65-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Valentina Bernasconi ◽

Paul A. Kristiansen ◽

Mike Whelan ◽

Raúl Gómez Román ◽

Alison Bettis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Viral Vectors ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Civil Society Organizations ◽

World Health ◽

Ecological Change ◽

Valley Fever

AbstractToday’s world is characterized by increasing population density, human mobility, urbanization, and climate and ecological change. This global dynamic has various effects, including the increased appearance of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), which pose a growing threat to global health security.Outbreaks of EIDs, like the 2013–2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa or the current Ebola outbreak in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), have not only put populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) at risk in terms of morbidity and mortality, but they also have had a significant impact on economic growth in affected regions and beyond.The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovation (CEPI) is an innovative global partnership between public, private, philanthropic, and civil society organizations that was launched as the result of a consensus that a coordinated, international, and intergovernmental plan was needed to develop and deploy new vaccines to prevent future epidemics.CEPI is focusing on supporting candidate vaccines against the World Health Organization (WHO) Blueprint priority pathogens MERS-CoV, Nipah virus, Lassa fever virus, and Rift Valley fever virus, as well as Chikungunya virus, which is on the WHO watch list. The current vaccine portfolio contains a wide variety of technologies, ranging across recombinant viral vectors, nucleic acids, and recombinant proteins. To support and accelerate vaccine development, CEPI will also support science projects related to the development of biological standards and assays, animal models, epidemiological studies, and diagnostics, as well as build capacities for future clinical trials in risk-prone contexts.

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Chikungunya and O’nyong-nyong Viruses in Uganda: Implications for Diagnostics

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofz001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tamara L Clements ◽

Cynthia A Rossi ◽

Amanda K Irish ◽

Hannah Kibuuka ◽

Leigh Anne Eller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ebola Virus ◽

Yellow Fever Virus ◽

Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Marburg Virus ◽

Fever Virus ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Lassa Virus ◽

Antibody Prevalence ◽

Valley Fever

Abstract Background A serosurvey of healthy blood donors provided evidence of hemorrhagic fever and arthropod-borne virus infections in Uganda. Methods Antibody prevalence to arthropod-borne and hemorrhagic fever viruses in human sera was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Results The greatest antibody prevalence determined by ELISA was to chikungunya virus (CHIKV) followed in descending order by West Nile virus (WNV), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Ebola virus (EBOV), dengue virus (DEN), yellow fever virus (YFV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), Marburg virus (MARV), and Lassa virus (LASV). Further investigation of CHIKV-positive sera demonstrated that the majority of antibody responses may likely be the result of exposure to the closely related alphavirus o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV). Conclusions As the use of highly specific and sensitive polymerase chain reaction–based assays becomes the diagnostic standard without the corresponding use of the less sensitive but more broadly reactive immunological-based assays, emerging and re-emerging outbreaks will be initially missed, illustrating the need for an orthogonal system for the detection and identification of viruses causing disease.

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