The Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Three Other Non-Viral Sexually Transmitted Infections among Pregnant Women in Pemba Island Tanzania

Efforts to map the burden of infections globally have shown a high prevalence of genital infections, including Chlamydia trachomatis, in sub-Saharan Africa. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the prevalence of selected non-viral genital infections among pregnant women in Pemba Island, Tanzania. Vaginal swabs were collected during pregnancy and stored in eNAT buffer. Detection of C. trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrheae, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium pathogens was performed by PCR using validated detection kits. Vaginal samples of 439 pregnant women between 16 and 48 years were tested. In fifty-five (12.5%) of them, at least one genital pathogen was detected. The most prevalent pathogen was T. vaginalis (7.1%), followed by C. trachomatis (4.6%) and M. genitalium (2.1%). None of the vaginal samples tested positive for N. gonorrheae. Consequently, among positive samples, 7.3% were for C. trachomatis and at least one other genital pathogen. This study provides insights on the burden of the four studied genital infections, and on the coinfections among pregnant women in Pemba Island, Tanzania. These results offer a starting point that can be useful to design further research in the field of maternal and child health in Pemba Island.

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The Natural Course of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Mycoplasma genitalium in Pregnant and Post-Delivery Women in Pemba Island, Tanzania

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9061180 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1180

Author(s):

Naomi C. A. Juliana ◽

Abdulla Mbaruk Omar ◽

Jolein Pleijster ◽

Fahad Aftab ◽

Nina B. Uijldert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Natural History ◽

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽

Pemba Island ◽

Persistence Rate ◽

Vaginal Swabs ◽

History Of

This study aimed to determine the persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) infections during pregnancy and after delivery in vaginal swabs of women from Pemba Island, Tanzania. In the context of an earlier biobanking effort, vaginal swabs were collected at two timepoints during pregnancy and once post-delivery. Detection of CT, NG, TV, and MG was performed by PCR using validated detection kits in samples from 441 pregnant women aged 16–48 years old. Among those, 202 samples were matched during pregnancy and 38 at the second timepoint of the pregnancy and post-delivery CT infection persistence during pregnancy was 100% (n = 11) after an average of eight weeks, that of TV infection 82% (n = 11) after ten weeks, and that of MG infection 75% (n = 4) after ten weeks. Post-delivery (after approximately 22 weeks) infection persistence was 100% for CT (n = 1) and 20% for TV (n = 5). NG was only detected at the last collection timepoint, its persistence rate could not be determined. These results show persistence and clearance of curable infections during and after pregnancy. Analysis of biobanked samples is a valuable approach in the investigation of the natural history of curable pathogens.

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Genital infections by Chlamydia trachomatis-An overview

KYAMC Journal ◽

10.3329/kyamcj.v3i1.13660 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 244-249

Author(s):

Syada Monira Hoque ◽

Md Akram Hossain ◽

Shyamal Kumar Paul ◽

Chand Mahmud ◽

Nazia Haque ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Sexual Behaviors ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Growth Cycle ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Modern Trend ◽

Genital Infections ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Transmissible Disease ◽

Chlamydial Infections

Genital infections by Chlamydia trachomatis are now recognized as highly prevalent sexually transmissible disease. In frequency, they surpass the classic sexually transmissible diseases such as syphilis and gonorrhea and thus constitute a serious public health problem. Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular gram negative bacterium which have a unique growth cycle and are placed in their own family (Chlamydiae).Chlamydia trachomatis is now one of the most Prevalent bacteria found in classic sexually transmissible disease and as such constitutes a serious Public heath problem. World Heath Organization (WHO) estimated that 92 million new chlamydial infections occur worldwide annually affecting more women (50 Million) then men (42million). And highest chlamydial infected population were in south and South-east Asia (43million) then sub- Saharan Africa (16million)(WHO 2001).This review article is a discussion on history,epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and modern trend of treatment, prevention of Chlamydial infections in age group. Effective delivery of prevention messages requires clientcentered counseling and education regarding specific actions that can reduce the risk for chlamydia transmission e.g., abstinence, condom use, limiting the number of sex partners,modifying sexual behaviors and vaccination.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/kyamcj.v3i1.13660 KYAMC Journal Vol. 3, No.-1, June 2012 pp.244-249

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Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis screening and treatment of pregnant women in Port-au-Prince, Haiti

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/0956462416689755 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 28 (11) ◽

pp. 1130-1134 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Claire C Bristow ◽

Patricia Mathelier ◽

Oksana Ocheretina ◽

Daphne Benoit ◽

Jean W Pape ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Laboratory Testing ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Opportunistic Infections ◽

Newborn Health ◽

Vaginal Swab ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

High Prevalence

In Haiti, routine screening for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) among pregnant women is not conducted; yet these sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are associated with adverse birth and newborn health outcomes. We aimed to assess the acceptability and feasibility of screening and the prevalence of STIs among pregnant women in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Pregnant women of at least 18 years of age who attend Haitian Study Group for Kaposi’s sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections (GHESKIO) clinics in Port-au-Prince, Haiti provided self-collected vaginal swab specimens. Laboratory testing was done with Xpert® CT/NG and Xpert® TV. The results of this study showed that of the 322 pregnant women who visited GHESKIO for their regular scheduled appointments, 300 (93.2%) consented for CT, NG, and TV testing. Of those, 107 women (35.7%) tested positive for at least one STI. There were 42 (14.7%) cases of CT, 8 (2.8%) NG, and 83 (29.0%) TV infections. Most infections were treated – 122 of 133 (91.7%). In summary, we found that it was highly acceptable and feasible to implement CT, NG, and TV screening among pregnant women in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. We found high prevalence of STIs among pregnant women, which suggest that STI screening in this population may be warranted.

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INCIDENCE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS: LOCAL STUDY IN UKRAINE

World Science ◽

10.31435/rsglobal_ws/30082018/6059 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (8(36)) ◽

pp. 4-7

Author(s):

Fedorych P. V. ◽

Mavrov G. I.

Keyword(s):

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽

Local Study ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Clinically Significant

Introduction.The structure of incidence of sexually transmitted infections is changing constantly. Information on such changes supports correct planning of clinical and diagnostic activities of institutions providing specialized medical care by qualified specialists.Objective:to investigate the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections with pathogens clinically significant to the genitourinary system in Ukraine and at the local level.Materials and methods. Polymerase chain reaction was used to test the biological material obtained from the genitourinary clinical specimens from subjects with sexually transmitted infections, who underwent clinical and laboratory examinations in Oleksandrivsk Clinical Hospital (Kyiv, Ukraine) for Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis, Human papillomavirus, and Neisseria gonorrhoea. During 2017, 607 subjects of both genders, including 295 (48.6%) females and 312 (51.4%) males, were examined. Their mean age was 32±3.5.Findings. Chlamydia trachomatis was found in 159 (26.2%) of 607 examined subjects – 85 males and 74 females. Mycoplasma hominis was found in 122 of 585 (21.1%) examined subjects – 64 males and 58 females. Mycoplasma genitalium, respectively, in 17 (6.62%) of 258 subjects – 6 males and 11 females. Ureaplasma urealyticum was found in the largest number of subjects (305, i.e. in 48.77% of 601 examined subjects) – 157 males and 148 females. Trichomonas vaginalis was found in 28 (5.23%) of 535 subjects – 15 males and 13 females. Human papillomavirus was found in 158 of 297 (53.2%) examined subjects – 88 males and 70 females. Neisseria gonorrhea was found in 33 of 297 (8.45%) subjects – 8 males and 25 females.Conclusions. As suggested by the local study of the sexually transmitted infections incidence in Ukraine, the most clinically significant for the genitourinary system are Human papillomavirus (53.2%), Ureaplasma urealyticum (48.77%), Chlamydia trachomatis (26.2%) and Mycoplasma hominis (21.1%). Therefore, tests for these pathogens in the specified region is currently the most appropriate during diagnostic examinations and counselling of subjects with genitourinary infections.

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Sexually transmitted infections in an African migrant population in Portugal: a base-line study

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.372 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 1 (03) ◽

pp. 326-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Luis Távora-Tavira ◽

Rosa Teodósio ◽

Jorge Seixas ◽

Emília Prieto ◽

Rita Castro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection ◽

Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Chlamydia Infection ◽

Base Line ◽

Transmitted Infection ◽

Prevalence Studies ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Starting Point ◽

Sub Saharan

Background: For geographical and recent historic reasons, Portugal is a gateway and home for immigration from sub-Saharan countries. Misconceptions related to these populations often lead to consider them as high-frequency clusters for dissemination of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Epidemiological evidence-based data is needed to elucidate these issues and baseline prevalence studies are the starting point for this. Methodology: A prospective study was conducted in 220 African migrants (171 men and 49 women), recently arrived in Portugal, at the time of their first consultation. The presence of STIs was evaluated using a clinical syndromic approach and biological confirmation for gonorrhoea, Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection, syphilis, Hepatitis B and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Results: Global prevalence of the targeted infections were 1.8% for gonorrhoea, 0 % for Chlamydia infection, 4.1% for Syphilis, 5.9% for HBsAg presence and 7.3% for HIV infection. Globally, 16.4% of the studied persons had at least one sexually transmitted infection. Conclusions: We concluded that prevalence rates encountered in this population is similar to that of non-migrant Portuguese populations with a high risk for sexually transmitted diseases. Therefore migration from sub-Saharan Africa doesn’t seem to constitute a particularly critical isolated factor for public health risk of STIs in the community.

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Acceptability and feasibility of screening pregnant women for sexually transmitted infections in Rawalpindi, Pakistan

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/09564624211007681 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095646242110076

Author(s):

Ameen E Chaudry ◽

Rizwana Chaudhri ◽

Aasia Kayani ◽

Lamar W Hayes ◽

Claire C Bristow ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Antenatal Care ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽

Sexually Transmitted Infection ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Transmitted Infection ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Sti Testing ◽

Sexual Histories

Objectives: To understand the acceptability and feasibility of sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing during antenatal care, along with the prevalence of STIs, in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Methods: We enrolled pregnant women seeking antenatal care and performed STI testing using Cepheid GeneXpert® CT/NG and TV kits and Alere Determine™ HIV and syphilis tests. We used interviewer-administered surveys to collect medical, social, and sexual histories. Participants testing positive for STIs and their partners were treated. Results: We enrolled 1001 women from September to December 2019. Nearly all women offered to participate in this study enrolled. Most women understood the effects an STI can have on their pregnancy (99.6%) and valued STI screening during pregnancy (98.1%). 11 women tested positive for any STI: ( Chlamydia trachomatis = 4, Neisseria gonorrhoeae = 1, and Trichomonas vaginalis = 6). Of those, six presented for a test-of-cure, and two were positive for Trichomonas vaginalis. None tested positive for HIV infection or syphilis ( n = 503). Conclusions: STI testing during antenatal care in Rawalpindi was acceptable, valued, understood, and feasible. The prevalence of STIs in pregnant women was low. Continued prevalence monitoring is warranted.

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Prevalence Rates of Chlamydia Trachomatis and Other Sexually Transmitted Organisms in Infertile Couples Attending a Tertiary Medical Centre in Malaysia

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia ◽

10.31436/imjm.v19i1.1333 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Umi Kalsom A ◽

Suvra B ◽

Zainul RMR ◽

Siti Norlia O ◽

Zalina I ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Ureaplasma Urealyticum ◽

Mycoplasma Hominis ◽

Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽

Married Couples ◽

Prevalence Rates ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Neisseria Gonorrhoea ◽

Infertile Couples

INTRODUCTION: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) infections are well recognized and prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The role of Mycoplasma spp and Ureaplasma spp are still controversial as some are commensals of genitourinary tract. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence rate of 7 organisms: Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Mycoplasma genitalium, Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) and Ureaplasma parvum (UP) in infertile married couples during infertility evaluation. MATERIALS & METHODS: A total of 274 samples from all of the 137 couples who attended the reproductive center from June to December 2014 were collected. Detection of the organisms was performed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: STI-associated organisms were detected in 35.4% (97/274) of subjects. The prevalence rates of CT, MG, TV, UU, MH were 7.3%,1.1%, 0.4%,5.4% and 5.1% respectively. Twenty-one (7.7%) subjects were positive for more than one organism. 24/274 (8.8%) of subjects had history of urogenital tract-related symptoms and 50% (12/24) were tested positive to one or more organisms. The presence of symptoms in both male and female subjects were found to be 10% (2/20) in CT infection, 10% (7/67) in UP, 14% (2/14) in MH and 13% (2/15) in UU infections. CONCLUSION: Sexually transmitted organisms were detected in one third of subjects planning for fertility evaluation. The absence of symptom in most subjects particularly in CT infection emphasizes the need for microbiological screening during infertility evaluation. The presence of genital ureaplasmas and mycoplasmas in infertile couples should not be neglected. There is a growing need to clarify whether their roles are simply colonizers or pathogens implicated in infertility.

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Sexually transmitted infections in pregnant women from sub-Saharan Africa

Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.4102/sajid.v36i1.312 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bongekile Ngobese ◽

Nathlee S. Abbai

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Women Living With Hiv ◽

Pregnancy And Birth Outcomes ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Stis And Hiv ◽

Living With Hiv ◽

Pregnancy And Birth

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major health problem in most countries of the world, particularly in developing countries where the resources and technology to diagnose and treat them are limited. Currently, there is limited data on STIs and risk factors for these infections in pregnant women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), especially in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This review provides data on the prevalence and risk factors for STIs in pregnant women living with HIV from SSA. This review also describes the association between STIs and HIV on pregnancy and birth outcomes as well as highlights the importance of laboratory-based diagnosis of STIs.Method: An electronic search of online databases was used to find and collect relevant research articles connected to the prevalence, adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes, health complications and risk factors associated with STIs and HIV in pregnant women from SSA. The search was limited to articles published in English. Relevant studies were identified by searching literature from January 2001 to date. The search yielded 4709 results.Results: In SSA, STIs are highly prevalent in pregnant women and are widely known to be linked with an increased risk of poor maternal and neonatal outcomes. These infections are often asymptomatic and highly prevalent in pregnant women. The screening of STIs in pregnant women living with HIV can reduce the risk of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) and screening and treatment for STIs can also prevent adverse perinatal outcomes. It is important to recognise regional and national STI epidemics in order to promote STI prevention and control interventions considering the test and treat approach as opposed to syndromic management.Conclusion: This review highlights the need to use diagnostic screening methods instead of syndromic STI management in SSA. Moreover, more research into effective prevention and treatment measures for STIs in pregnant women is urgently required.

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Profile of sexually transmitted infections causing urethritis and a related inflammatory reaction in urine among heterosexual males: A flow-cytometry study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0242227 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. e0242227

Author(s):

Stanislav Tjagur ◽

Reet Mändar ◽

Margus Punab

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Screening Method ◽

Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽

University Hospital ◽

Control Group ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Diagnostic Threshold

Background Information about the use of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of male urethritis is scarce. The current study aims to evaluate the performance of flow cytometry on first-voided urine in males with infectious urethritis (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis). Methods Male patients of the Andrology Centre (Tartu University Hospital, Estonia) were recruited during the period March 2015 –January 2018. Cases included 306 patients with infectious urethritis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and/or Trichomonas vaginalis. The control group consisted of 192 patients without uro-genital complaints, negative tests for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium and T. vaginalis from first-voided urine and no inflammation in first-voided urine, mid-stream urine and urine after prostate massage. C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium and T. vaginalis were detected from first-voided urine using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. First-voided urine was analysed using urine particle analyzer Sysmex UF-500i. Results The most prevalent infection was chlamydia (64.1%), followed by Mycoplasma genitalium (20.9%), gonorrhoea (7.8%) and trichomoniasis (1.6%). Gonorrhoea caused the highest flow-cytometric leucocyte/bacteria count, followed by chlamydia and Mycoplasma genitalium. Trichomonas vaginalis showed nearly absent inflammation in first-voided urine. Using an empiric flow-cytometry diagnostic threshold for urethritis in first-voided urine (leucocytes ≥ 15/μl and bacteria ≥ 20/μl) the total calculated sensitivity was over 90%. However, when applying such criteria for deciding whether to perform first-voided urine PCR for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium and T. vaginalis or not, we could miss 23 cases with infectious urethritis that makes up 7,5% of all proven cases. Conclusions Flow cytometry of first-voided urine can be considered as a rapid and objective screening method in case of suspected male infectious urethritis.

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Simultaneous identification of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis ‒ multicenter evaluation of the Alinity m STI assay

Journal of Laboratory Medicine ◽

10.1515/labmed-2020-0136 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (4-5) ◽

pp. 213-223

Author(s):

Emily Goldstein ◽

Laura Martinez-García ◽

Martin Obermeier ◽

Allison Glass ◽

Maria Krügel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽

Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽

Clinical Performance ◽

Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽

Sexually Transmitted ◽

Appropriate Treatment ◽

International Multicenter Study ◽

Simultaneous Identification ◽

International Multicenter

Abstract Objectives Accurate and rapid diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is essential for timely administration of appropriate treatment and reducing the spread of the disease. We examined the performance of the new Alinity m STI assay, a qualitative real-time multiplex PCR test for simultaneous identification of Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) run on the fully automated Alinity m platform. Methods This international, multicenter study evaluated the accuracy, reproducibility, and clinical performance of the Alinity m STI assay compared to commonly used STI assays in a large series of patient samples encountered in clinical practice. Results The Alinity m STI assay identified accurately and precisely single and mixed pathogens from an analytical panel of specimens. The Alinity m STI assay demonstrated high overall agreement rates with comparator STI assays (99.6% for CT [n=2,127], 99.2% for NG [n=2,160], 97.1% for MG [n=491], and 99.4% for TV [n=313]). Conclusions The newly developed Alinity m STI assay accurately detects the 4 sexually transmitted target pathogens in various collection devices across clinically relevant specimen types, regardless of single or mixed infection status.

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